HC Verma Solutions Class 11 Chapter 13 - Fluid Mechanics

• Fluids are substances that can flow when an external force is applied. Liquids and gases are called fluids and they do not have a definite shape of their own.

• The smaller the area on which the force acts, the greater is the impact. This concept is known as pressure. This is also why a sharp end knife can cut things easily. The Nm⁻² is the SI unit of pressure. It has been named pascal (Pa). A common unit of pressure is the atmosphere (atm)(1 atm is 1.013 × 105 Pa).

• According to Pascal’s Law,

“The external static pressure applied on a confined liquid is distributed or transmitted evenly throughout the liquid in all directions”. 

• An open-tube manometer is an instrument for measuring pressure differences.

The pressure of the atmosphere at any point is equal to the weight of a column of air of unit cross-sectional area extending from that point to the top of the atmosphere. At sea level it is 

• 1.013 × 10⁵ Pa is equivalent to 1 atm

• Mercury barometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure. It has a long glass tube closed at one end which is filled with mercury and is inverted into a trough of mercury. 

• Whenever external pressure is applied on any part of a fluid contained in a vessel, it is transmitted equally in all directions without a change in the magnitude of the applied force. This is Pascal’s law for the transmission of fluid pressure. This law has many applications in our life.

• Several devices such as hydraulic lifts and hydraulic brakes work based on Pascal’s law.

• The study of the fluids in motion is known as fluid dynamics.

• The path taken by a fluid particle with a steady flow is called a streamline.

• Steady flow is achieved when there is a flow at a low speed. Beyond a value called limiting value called critical speed, this flow is no longer in a steady-state and it becomes turbulent. Equation of continuity is also discussed. 

• Bernoulli’s equation is a general expression that relates the pressure difference between two points in a pipe to the velocity changes, Kinetic energy change and potential energy change respectively.

• Torricelli’s law and venturi meter are discussed next. The Venturi-meter is a device used to measure the flow speed of an incompressible fluid.

• Blood Flow and Heart Attack are discussed further based on Bernoulli’s theorem.

• Dynamic lift is the force that acts on a body, such as an aeroplane wing, a hydrofoil or a spinning ball, by virtue of its motion through a fluid. Magnus effect is also discussed.

• The property of relative friction between the layers of a liquid that causes resistance to fluid motion is called viscosity. This kind of resistance is just like internal friction that occurs between two solid surfaces with relative motion.

• Stokes’ Law, Reynolds Number, Surface  Tension, Surface Energy, Angle of Contact are also discussed. Properties and concepts about drops and Bubbles, Capillary Rise, Detergents and Surface Tension are discussed further.

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