Yugoslavia

For most of the 20th century, that is from the start of the year 1918, it was a country of  Southeast Europe and Central Europe. During world war I, it first came into existence in the year 1918. With the merge of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs along with the Kingdom of Siberia, Yugoslavia was formed under the name of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and the country after being a part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary for many centuries it finally constituted the first union of the South Slavic people as a sovereign state. Its first sovereign was Peter I of Serbia. On 13 July 1922 at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris, the kingdom gained its first international recognition. On 3 October 1929, the official name of the state was changed to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. 

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On the 6th of April 1941, Rome Berlin Axis power invaded Yugoslavia. Later on in the year 1943, the liberation army and partition detachments of Yugoslavia proclaimed federal Yugoslavia again. Peter II who was the king in 1944 and was then living in exile recognised federal Yugoslavia as its legitimate government. In November 1945, the monarchy was finally abolished and in the year 1946, Yugoslavia acquired its new name as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. At that point, a communist government was established in the country. The country, thereafter, has attracted terrorists such as Istria, Rijeka, and Zadar from Italy. Josip Broz Tito ho as the leader of the Partisan ruled the country until his death in the year 1980. The country again was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in 1963.

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Yugoslavia War

Yugoslavia wars were a series of independent events but are related to each other in form of ethnic conflicts, insurgencies as well as independence that were fought from a time period of 1991 to 2001 in the former Yugoslavia. This resulted in the breaking up of the federation of Yugoslavia in the year 1992. The republics that were part of the former country have declared independence due to the unresolved matters of the ethnic groups in the new countries that are formed have further triggered the war situation.  

Post the full international recognition of the new states, the war situation finally came to an end with the peace accords. But the continued war so far has caused massive economic damage as well as a huge loss to human lives. Initially, the JNA, which is the Yugoslavia’s people army, tried to hold on to the entire Yugoslavia as one nation and thus took measures to crush down the secessionist governments. But they came more and more under the influence of Slobodan Milošević who was an integral part of the Siberian Government that evoked Serbian nationalism to replace the weakening communist system. As a result, t6he JNA became the Serb Army as it lost the Slovenes, Croats, Kosovar Albanians, Bosniaks, and Macedonians.  

In the year 1991, a report was sent to the United Nations that claims that the Serbs do not want to create Yugoslavia as a whole nation again, instead, the parts of Croatia and Bosnia so as to create a Great Siberia. Other irredentist movements have also eventually led to the war situation that also claimed to form "Greater Albania" from Kosovo that was abandoned after the international policy was declared and the “Greater Croatia” from parts of Herzegovina, until 1994 when the Washington Agreement ended it. 

These wars marked for many severe war crimes such as Genocide, crime against humanity, rapes and ethnic cleansing and therefore, Often described as Europe's deadliest conflicts since World War II. Since world war II, the first European crime that was classified as genocidal in nature was the  Bosnian genocide. Thus followed by the classification, all the individuals who were associated with the genocide were charged with the war crime. In order to persecute these kinds of crimes, the UN finally established a body to deal with such war crimes and was named the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).  The Yugoslavia war resulted in the death of 1,40,000 people according to the International Center for Transitional Justice. 

Here is the list of wars that were fought in Yugoslavia as mentioned below:-

1. The Ten-Day War (1991)

2. Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)

3. Kosovo War (1998–1999)

4. Bosnian War (1992–1995)

5. Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)

6. Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001)

Yugoslavia Split

During the early 1990s, due to a series of political upheavals and conflicts, the breakup of Yugoslavia occurred. In the 1980s with the series of political and economic crises, the republics that were under the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as one unified nation split into individual states. But as the issues of the former war remained unresolved that caused bitter inter-ethnic Yugoslav wars. Bosnia and Herzegovina, neighbouring parts of Croatia that were filled by Kosovo a few years later, were severely affected by the inter-ethenic Yugoslavia war.

Post the victory of world war II, Yugoslavia declared itself as the federation of six republics with borders that were determined along the ethenic and historical lines. These six republics were: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. With these six republics, two autonomous provinces were also added and they are Vojvodina and Kosovo.

Each of the republics has its own individual communist party of Yugoslavia and the ruling elite and each of the problems or the tensions arisen was solved on the federal level. The plan of Yugoslavia to incorporate the state organization model along with the "middle way" between planned and liberal economy was a relative success. As a result of the relative success of the model, the country experienced strong economic growth as well as political stability till the 1980s when it was under the dictatorial rule of Josip Broz Tito. post his death, the entire federal system got weakened and was not able to cope up with the increasing political as well as the rising economical challenges.   

In the year 18980, with the 1981 protesters, the Albanians in Kosovo started demonstrations with the demand for an autonomous province that should be granted the status of a constituent republic. Thus with the increase in the clash of the interest and conflicts between the Albanians and the Kosovo Serbes remained at its peak during the whole decade, and with the rise in the Serb opposition to the high autonomy of provinces and the failing consensus of the federal framework in entire Yugoslavia worked against the interests of the Serbes. After  Slobodan Milošević came to power in Serbia in the year 1987, along the federal line, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia dissolved in January 1990. Thus the Republicans of the communist party broke into several individual socialist parties.

Language and Religion of the Former Yugoslavia

1. Former Language of Yugoslavia: The former Yugoslavia spoke certain languages that were popular throughout Yugoslavia which are referred to as the language of Yugoslavia.  There were Indo-European languages and the dialects that were predominant in all the republics namely dominant South Slavic varieties (Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian) as well as for Albanian, Aromanian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, Italian, Venetian, Balkan Romani, Romanian, Rusyn, Slovak and Ukrainian languages. There are other varieties of non-Indo-European languages and dialects that are spoken such as Turkish as well as Hungarian etc.

2. Former religion of Yugoslavia: The major distribution of the religion in Yugoslavia do not follow a particular border or they are confined to the country's internal borders. The Serbian orthodox Church has its ecclesiastical authority over Siberia and Montenegro. After the year 1967, Macedonia had its own Macedonia orthodox Church but the ethnic Albanians were inclusive of many Muslim ethnicities. The people of quality and solving linear what predominantly Roman Catholics where most of the Muslims slav and ethnic Albanian populations of Sylvanian was growing along with the orthodox servants who had already lived in Croatia.

Orthodox Serbs Muslims loves and Catholics were coexisting in Hercegovina. Where do the eastern orthodox Romanian catholic and protestant believers were in significant numbers in Vojvodina. Almost 10% of the province ethnic Albanians and Romanian Catholics were actually eastern orthodox Serbs but the  Kosovo population was predominantly Muslims. 

Other than eastern orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism and Islam there was about 40 more religion that coexisted in Yugoslavia. The 40 more religions include Jewish, Church of Jesus Christ, old catholic Church, latter-day saints, Hare Krishna and other eastern religions. The major protestors belong to the group of Calvinist Reformed Church, Baptist Church, Evangelical Church, seventh day Adventist method is Church, the pentecostal church of Christ and Jehovah's witnesses.