Millennium Problems

The Seven Millennium Prize Problems are the most well-known and important unsolved problems in mathematics. A private nonprofit foundation Clay Mathematics Institute that is devoted to mathematical research, famously challenged the mathematical community in the year 2000 to solve these unique seven problems, and a sum of US $1,000,000 reward was established for the solvers of each of the seven problems. Out of the seven Millennium prize problems, one of the problems has been solved, and the other six are a great deal of current research.

With the spin of the century, the timing of the announcement of the Millennium Prize Problems was a homage to a famous speech of the famous David Hilbert to the International Congress of Mathematicians in the year 1900 in the city of Paris. The 23 unsolved problems that were posed by Hilbert were studied by countless 20th century mathematicians, which led not only to solutions to some of these difficult problems but it also led to the development of new ideas as well as new research topics. There are some of Hilbert's problems that still remain open-- namely the famous Riemann hypothesis. 

These seven problems encompass a diverse group of topics, which include theoretical computer science as well as physics, as well as topics of pure mathematical areas such as number theory, algebraic geometry, as well as topics of topology.

7 Millennium Prize Problems

1. Yang-Mills and Mass Gap

Computer simulations as well as various experiments suggest the existence of a "mass gap" in the solution to the quantum versions of the Yang-Mills equations. But no proof of this property is known. A Yang-Mills theory is known to be a theory in quantum physics that is a generalization of Maxwell's work on electromagnetic forces to the strong as well as weak nuclear forces. It is a key ingredient in the Standard Model of particle physics. This Standard Model is said to provide a framework for explaining electromagnetic as well as providing nuclear forces and also classifying subatomic particles. 

In particular, successful applications of the theory to experiments as well as simplified models have involved a "mass gap," which can be formally defined as the difference between the default energy in a vaccum as well as also the energy in the next lowest energy state. So this quantity is also known as the mass of the lightest particle in the theory. A solution to the Millennium Problem will include both a set of formal axioms that characterize the theory as well as will show that it is internally logically consistent.

2. Riemann Hypothesis

The prime number theorem determines the average distribution of the prime numbers. Whereas the Riemann hypothesis basically describes the deviation from the average. It was formulated in Riemann's 1859 paper, which asserts that all the 'non-obvious' zeros of the zeta function are complex numbers with real part 1/2.

3. P vs NP Problem

If it is easy to check that a solution to a problem is right, can you say that it is also easy to solve the problem? This is said to be the exact essence of the NP question vs P question. Typical of the NP problems is that of the Hamiltonian Path Problem: let’s suppose given N cities to visit, how can one do this without visiting a city twice? If you give me a solution, I can easily check that the problem is correct, but it is difficult to find a solution.

4. Navier–Stokes Equation

The Navier-Stokes equation is said to be the equation that governs the flow of fluids such as water as well as air. However, there is no proof for the most basic questions one can ask: do solutions exist as well as are they unique? Why ask for proof? Because proof gives not only certitude but proof also gives understanding.

5. Hodge Conjecture

Hodge conjecture, the answer to this determines how much of the topology of the solution set of a system of algebraic equations can be defined in terms of further algebraic equations. The Hodge conjecture comes in picture in certain special cases, for example, when the solution set has a dimension less than four. But in dimension four it is unknown.

This conjecture is also known to be a statement about geometric shapes cut out by polynomial equations over complex numbers. These are also known as complex algebraic varieties. An extremely useful tool in the study of these varieties was the construction of groups which is also known as cohomology groups, which contained information about the structure of the varieties. 

6. Poincaré Conjecture

The French mathematician Henri Poincaré in the year 1904. He was the one who asked if the three-dimensional sphere is characterized as the unique simply connected three-manifold. The Poincaré conjecture is known as a special case of Thurston's geometrization conjecture. This Poincaré conjecture proof tells us that every three-manifold is built from a set of standard pieces, each with one of eight well-understood geometries.

7. Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture

This z conjecture is basically supported by much experimental evidence that relates the number of points on an elliptic curve mod p to the rank of the group of rational points.