Question

What are free radicals? Draw the structure of various types of free radicals and arrange them in increasing order of their stability.

Answer 1

Hint: We have heard about free radicals several times. They have a major role in the atmospheric industry, combustion, polymerization, biochemistry etc. They are also useful in several biological processes. They have a role in biological metabolism.

Complete step by step answer:
As it is familiar that the species of molecules having an unpaired electron are termed as free radicals. They are represented as $$X^{\bullet }$$ and are highly reactive species. Photo irradiation is a common method to produce free radicals. Light or heat in the form of energy is needed for the production of free radicals. Free radicals are classified into $\sigma$ and $\pi$ radicals. The unpaired electron is in $\sigma$ orbitals in $\sigma$ radicals. E.g. phenyl radical, vinyl radical etc. While the unpaired electron is in $\pi$ orbitals in $\pi$ radicals. E.g. t-butyl radical. $\pi$ radicals are generally stabilized by hyperconjugation effect or resonance effect. While there is no such stabilizing effect in $\sigma$ radicals.
In the case of alkyl groups, when the number of alkyl groups on the carbon having free radicals is increased, the stability is increased.
The order of stability is given below:
Methyl radicalThe electron-deficient radical can be delocalized on the multiple bonds with carbon atoms. Stability is increased when a partially filled p orbital is participated in resonance with the adjacent p orbitals. The structure is given below:

When we compare the stability of phenyl and vinyl radicals, the order is given below:
 

Note: The stability of free radicals depends upon three factors:
Increase in the number of alkyl groups on the carbon atom which has free radical.
Delocalization or resonance
Geometry of free radicals