Question

What are the electronic configurations of $Ag$ and $A{g^ + }$?

Answer 1

Hint: We must grasp the rules for expressing the electronic configuration of any periodic table element. When electrons are arranged into orbitals, it is called electronic configuration. Electronic setup adheres to specific principles, which aid in categorizing into the appropriate blocks. If two electrons are filled in the first shell's 's' subshell, the electrical configuration is written as \[1{s^2}\]. The three major principles followed in the electrical configuration are the Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, and Hund's Rule of maximum multiplicity.

Complete answer:
Before writing any electronic configuration, keep the following in mind.
The maximum number of electrons that may be accommodated in a shell is determined using the formula \[2{n^2}\] which is the shell number or the energy level denoted by a set of four quantum numbers. The greatest number of electrons that may be tolerated when \[n = 1\] is \[\;2*{\left( 1 \right)^2} = 2.\]
Azimuthal quantum number: The subshells into which electrons are dispersed are determined by the azimuthal quantum number, represented by the letter ‘l.' When \[n = 4\]the subshells correspond to \[l = 0,{\text{ }}l = 1,{\text{ }}l = 2,{\text{ }}and{\text{ }}l = 3\] and are known as the \[s,{\text{ }}p,{\text{ }}d,\]and $f$ subshells. The maximum number of electrons that a subshell can accommodate is determined by the formula \[2*\left( {2l{\text{ }} + {\text{ }}1} \right).\] So \[s,{\text{ }}p,{\text{ }}d,\]and $f$subshells can each accommodate \[2,6,10\]and \[14\] electrons.
The Aufbau principle: This principle along with the electronic configuration of atoms provide a theoretical foundation for the periodic classification into s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block elements which states that in an atom or ion's ground state, electrons fill the lowest-energy atomic orbitals before moving up to higher levels. For example, the \[1s\]subshell is filled before the \[2s\]subshell is occupied.
Pauli’s exclusion principle: As a result of Pauli's exclusion principle, no two electrons in the same atom have the same four quantum numbers.
Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity: For a given electron configuration, Hund's Rule of maximum spin multiplicity says that the lowest energy term is the one with the highest spin multiplicity. Electrons will occupy two or more orbitals of equal energy singly before filling them in pairs if they are available.
The given element in the question is $Ag$whose atomic number is 47. The electron configuration for silver ($Ag$) is based on silver's location in the fifth row of the periodic table, in the 11th column of the periodic table. As a result, the electron configuration for silver must be as follows: \[1{s^2}2{s^2}2{p^6}3{s^2}3{p^6}4{s^2}3{d^9}4{p^6}5{s^2}4{d^9}\]. But there are exceptions such as in case \[Cu,Cr,Ag\]etc. This is because fully and half-filled orbitals are more stable than empty orbitals. Hence, one of the $5{s^2}$electrons jumps $4{d^9}$to give it extra stability. Hence, the electronic configuration becomes \[1{s^2}2{s^2}2{p^6}3{s^2}3{p^6}4{s^2}3{d^9}4{p^6}5{s^1}4{d^{10}}\]. It is also possible to write the electronic configuration of an element using the closest noble gas configuration.
Thus, the electronic configuration of $Ag$is $\left[ {Kr} \right]4{d^{10}}5{s^1}$.
We must find the electronic configuration of $A{g^ + }$ion. In this cation, the charge on the atom says that one electron has been removed from the $Ag$atom. Hence the electronic configuration becomes $\left[ {Kr} \right]4{d^{10}}5{s^0}$.

Note:
It must be noted that while writing the electronic configuration of ions, electrons must be sequentially removed from the outermost shells. Just like how electrons are filled using the Aufbau principle, electrons must be removed oppositely as shown for the silver ion. Since the silver had a +1 positive charge, we removed one electron from its electronic configuration. If an anion is given, we add the respective number of electrons in the electronic configuration