Question

How is fluorine added to Benzene?

Answer 1

Hint: We need to know that the process of addition of Halogens to organic compounds is known as halogenation. If Chlorine is added its chlorination, for bromine its bromination, similarly for fluorine its fluorination. Halogenation is commonly an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

Complete answer:
We need to remember that the halogens comprise Group $17$ of the periodic table. The electrophilicity and electronegativity of halogens decreases as we move down the group. Hence Fluorine is the most reactive and Iodine is the least reactive. The process of fluorination is highly reactive and iodination is highly unreactive.
The exothermic rates also decrease as we move down the group. Fluorination is highly exothermic and explosive and yields polyfluorinated products. Hence direct fluorination of benzene is very difficult and hazardous.
Indirect ways are used to add fluorine to aromatic rings. Fluorobenzene can be obtained from benzene diazonium chloride by using Balz–Schiemann reaction. In this reaction an aromatic amine is converted into an aryl fluoride via a diazonium tetrafluoroborate intermediate. This method is used commonly to obtain Fluorobenzene and its derivatives.
The conversion happens as follows: Aniline is treated with nitrous acid to form benzene diazonium chloride, further on reaction with $HB{F}_4$ to give benzene diazonium fluoroborate. On further heating it undergoes decomposition to give fluorobenzene. The reaction is shown below:

Derivatives like 4-fluorobenzoic acid are also obtained by this method.

Note:
We need to know that the diazotization is the reaction that includes reaction of $HCl$ and $NaN{O}_3$ under very low temperature of $0-5^{\circ }C$ to obtain nitrous acid. This reaction occurs primarily with aromatic amines. This reaction is used to obtain many derivatives and also in the dye industry.