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What does \[S\] mean in math?

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Hint: In mathematics the meaning of letter \[S\] is different as the capital letter has different meaning in different topics and small letter of \[S\] also has different meaning thus , it depends where the letter \[S\] has been used in given problem .

Complete step-by-step answer:
As \[S\] has different meanings which are as follows :
The capital letter \[S\] represents the sum of a sequence of numbers in mathematical induction and also denotes a set in set theory .
The Greek letter \[\sum\limits_{}^{} {} \]( sigma ) which is corresponding to the capital letter \[S\] represents the sum of sequences of numbers .
In set theory the \[\# S\] represents the cardinality of the set \[S\] .
The small letter \[S\] represents the sample standard deviation and it also represents the semi – perimeter of a triangle which is used in Heron’s formula .
The sample mean in sample standard deviation, is a simple estimator with many desirable properties (unbiased, efficient, maximum likelihood), there is no single estimator for the standard deviation with all these properties.
Also in higher studies of differential equations , the small letter \[S\] represents the domain in Laplace transform .
So, the correct answer is “Option B”.

Note: A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures which is used to represent a mathematical object , an action on mathematical objects , a relation between the mathematical objects , or for structuring the other symbols that are present in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various types , many symbols are needed for expressing all mathematics .