What is an Amphibolic Pathway?
An amphibolic pathway can be described as the biochemical pathway where both the processes- anabolic and catabolic are involved. In order to produce the energy molecule ATP, in the process of respiration, the complex compounds break down into simple ones. The pathway is known as the catabolic pathway and this whole process is known as the catabolic process.
Proteins or fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA when in the process of respiration energy is required and this process is known as catabolism. Whenever in the process of respiration, fatty acids or proteins are required, the respiratory pathway is blocked and the same acetyl CoA is utilized in order to manufacture fatty acids and this synthesis process is known as anabolism. Therefore, both the processes, catabolism & anabolism, in respiration are required.
The classic example of the amphibolic pathway is Kreb’s cycle. Let us have a look at what actually is Kreb’s cycle.
Discuss how a Respiratory Pathway is an Amphibolic Pathway.
In the respiration process, all the complex compounds like protein and fat break down into simpler forms and produce ATP, the fundamental energy molecule of the body. Both these compounds break down into acetyl-CoA, and the respiration process continues. This part of the respiration is termed as catabolism, and the pathway is a catabolic pathway.
However, respiration not only includes breaking but also forms compounds. When an organism needs protein or fatty acid, the respiratory pathway holds the process, and the produced acetyl-CoA is used to create fatty acids. Hence, this synthesis of fatty acids is an example of anabolism.
So, from the above discussion, it can be derived that respiration is a sum of both anabolism and catabolism. That concludes that the respiratory pathway is an anabolic pathway.
Kreb’s Cycle
The central driver of cellular respiration is the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid or Kreb’s cycle. This cycle is considered the main source of energy for cells and it is also a necessary part of aerobic respiration. Acetyl-CoA which is derived from glucose and production by the oxidation of pyruvate is taken as the starting material and when it is there in the series of redox reactions most of its bond energy is harvested in the form of NADH and FADH₂ and ATP molecules. NADH and FADH₂ are generated in the TCA cycle and are the reduced electrons carriers, pass their electrons through oxidative phosphorylation into the electron transport chain and most of the ATP which is produced in the cellular respiration will be generated.
Process of Kreb’s Cycle
Kreb’s cycle in the case of eukaryotes takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria which is similar to the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA while in the case of prokaryotes all these processes take place in the cytoplasm. Kreb’s cycle as the name suggests is a closed-loop in which the molecule used in the first step is again reformed by the last part of the pathway.
Acetyl-CoA is combined with oxaloacetate which is a 4-carbon acceptor molecule in the first step in order to form citrate which is a 6-carbon molecule.
Then, two carbons are released from citrate, a 6-carbon molecule, as carbon dioxide molecules, producing an NADH molecule each time in a similar pair of reactions.
The key regulators of Kreb’s cycle are the enzymes that catalyze these reactions. These enzymes speed up or low down the reactions on the basis of the energy needs of the cell.
Then, the remaining 4 molecules of citrate undergo a series of additional reactions. An ATP molecule is made first or a similar molecule GTP in some cells. Then the electron carrier FAD is reduced to FADH₂. Then, finally, another NADH is generated.
In this set of reactions the starting molecule oxaloacetate is regenerated in order for the repetition of the cycle.
In a single turn of the Kreb’s Cycle molecules of carbon dioxide are released producing 3 NADH, one FADH₂, and one ATP or GTP.
Since there are two pyruvates the Kreb’s cycle goes around twice for each molecule of glucose that has entered the cellular respiration and hence two acetyl CoAs are made per glucose.
FAQs on Amphibolic Pathway
1. Why is Kreb’s Cycle Called an Amphibolic Pathway?
Kreb’s cycle includes the oxidation of acetyl-CoA and the production of fatty acids by synthesis. That means this cycle serves both anabolic and catabolic pathways which proves the amphibolic role of the TCA cycle or Kreb’s cycle.
2. Why TCA Cycle is Called Common Metabolic Pathway?
In the TCA cycle, all food compounds such as carbohydrate, protein, and fat release fuel molecules by oxidation and also produce required nutrients by synthesis. Hence, TCA is called a common metabolic pathway.
3. Why is Glycolysis Considered as an Amphibolic Pathway?
During glycolysis, ATP is produced via a catabolic pathway and cell materials created from intermediates through an anabolic pathway. Thus, glycolysis is an amphibolic pathway.
4. What is meant by ATP and GTP?
ATP and GTP both are types of nucleoside triphosphates that are an important part of cellular function. Adenine base, triphosphate, and sugar ribose when combined together form ATP while Guanine base, triphosphate, and sugar ribose when combined together form GTP. ATP acts as the energy currency in the cell while signaling in different pathways is done by GTP and it plays an important part in signal transduction.
5. What is the type of bond present in acetyl-CoA?
Acetic acid is one of the most important acids which when combined with CoA results in the formation of acetyl-CoA. The bond that is present in acetyl-CoA is the thioester bond and this link has a very high energy bond hence it is unstable. This bond is particularly reactive and the hydrolysis of this bond is exergonic. The high energy of the thioester bond is because the resonance structures cannot occur in these bonds making them unstable.
6. Where and why does Kreb’s cycle take place in eukaryotes?
The reactions of Kreb’s cycle in eukaryotes take place in the mitochondrial matrix which is a dense solution surrounding the mitochondrial crests. Since along with water, the mitochondrial has all the necessary enzymes required for the biochemical reactions of the Kreb’s cycle which includes phosphates and coenzymes, the Kreb’s cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix in the case of the eukaryotes.
7. What is the number of ATPs generated in the case of prokaryotes?
In the case of prokaryotes, 38 ATPs are generated. There are no mitochondria present in prokaryotes and within the cytoplasm the whole respiration reaction takes place, therefore the number of ATP transported across the organelle is zero. Therefore, the number of ATPs generated in the case of prokaryotes is 38 while in the case of eukaryotes it is 36. For the step-by-step reactions and an in-depth explanation of Kreb’s cycle students can visit Vedantu.
8. What are some of the differences between Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis?
The primary difference between Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis is that Kreb’s cycle is an aerobic process while glycolysis is anaerobic. Kreb’s cycle occurs in the mitochondria whereas glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Carbon dioxide is evolved in the case of Kreb’s cycle while there evolves no carbon dioxide in the case of glycolysis. There is a consumption of 2 molecules of ATP for the initial phosphorylation while Kreb’s cycle does not consume ATP.
