Biomolecules Chapter - Chemistry JEE Main

JEE Main Chemistry Chapters 2024 

Important Topics of Biomolecules Chapter

• Chirality

• Glucose 

• Anomers

• Cellulose

• Sucrose

• Fructose

• Optical isomerism

• Pyranose ring

• Tollen’s Test

Biomolecules Important Concept for JEE Main

What are Biomolecules?

Biomolecules are organic chemicals that make up the very backbone of a cell in living creatures. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, for example, could all be present in various quantities. All of these biomolecules serve important functions in the body and are produced there. Some examples of biomolecules are DNA, RNA, cellulose, and glucose.

While organic molecules can be made up of straight-chain carbons, they can also be made up of cyclic rings, branched chains, or a combination of these. They differ in terms of characteristics, chemical properties, and structures, which leads to differences in physical attributes like boiling and melting points, as well as water solubility. Biomolecules can be classified as hydrophilic or hydrophobic depending on their affinity for water.

Major Structural Elements of Biomolecules

The majority of biomolecules are organic compounds made up of only four components. The major structural elements of biomolecules are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. They account for 96 percent of the mass of the human body. However, several additional elements, such as biometals, are present in trace levels.

Classification of Biomolecules

Make sure you understand organic compounds and their properties before moving on to the next section of this biomolecule article. This will make it easier for you to comprehend the next things. The several types of biomolecules are discussed here.

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are the four main types of biomolecules. From these, the most abundant biomolecule on earth is carbohydrates.

1. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are polysaccharides that are the end products of the majority of our body's metabolic processes. They are the foundations of our metabolic apparatus, and their molecular structure is made up of several monosaccharides stacked on top of one another. Carbohydrates are abundant in most living cells, and it is safe to claim that these biomolecules represent the origin of life on our planet.

For example, cellulose is an essential component of plant cells, and it is normally stored as starch. Glucose, on the other hand, is the end product of photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into food. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides are the three main types of saccharides. They're divided into groups based on the number of sugar molecules they contain.

Sucrose, cellulose, fructose, glucose, and dextrose are some of the most common sugars we encounter on a regular basis. You'll also learn about the three fundamental types of sugar-containing carbohydrates, namely monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and disaccharides, in these biomolecules Class 12 notes.

• Monosaccharides: They are the most basic carbohydrates and cannot be further hydrolyzed. They are present in the general chemical formulae of (CH2O)n. Ribose and glucose are examples of monosaccharides.

• Oligosaccharides: These are complicated carbohydrates that break down into two to ten monosaccharide subunits. They are then subdivided into other categories. Stachyose and raffinose are two examples.

• Disaccharides: Disaccharides are carbohydrates that break down into two monosaccharide molecules when hydrolyzed. Sucrose, for example, produces fructose and glucose. Maltose, on the other hand, releases two molecules of glucose when hydrolyzed.

2. Proteins: Proteins are organic substances that are abundant in our meals and are made up of amino acids. They are made up of long-chain monomers joined together by polypeptide bonds. As a result, proteins are also known as polypeptides.

3. Lipids: Fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids, and glycerol are all examples of hydrophobic substances. Lipids can have a variety of structures and properties depending on the ingredients. Fatty acids, for example, are composed of a single carboxyl group attached to a variable group or R. Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids can be found in these foods.

Furthermore, some lipids may contain phosphorus groups that are linked to the organic groups. Phospholipids are another name for them. Phospholipids are the fundamental components of a cell's plasma membrane.

4. Nucleic Acids: The smallest fundamental pieces of our genetic information, often known as genes, are made up of DNA and RNA building blocks. These are a combination of nitrogenous bases, sugar molecules, and a phosphate group that make up our bodies' genetic material.

Purines and pyrimidines are examples of heterocyclic compounds. Xanthine, caffeine, and nitrogenous bases like guanine and adenine are examples of purines. The product of nitrogenous bases forming chemical bonds with sugar molecules is known as a nucleoside. Nucleotides are formed when these molecules interact with phosphate groups (RNA, DNA).

Chemical Constitution of DNA and RNA:

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):

Sugar: DNA contains deoxyribose, a five-carbon sugar.

Bases: DNA consists of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

Phosphate Group: DNA also includes a phosphate group.

In DNA, the nitrogenous bases pair specifically: A with T and C with G. These base pairs form the rungs of the DNA double helix, connected by sugar-phosphate backbones. DNA is a double-stranded molecule, and the sequence of these base pairs encodes genetic information.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):

Sugar: RNA contains ribose, another five-carbon sugar.

Bases: RNA includes adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

Phosphate Group: RNA, like DNA, also contains a phosphate group.

Unlike DNA, RNA is typically single-stranded, but it can form complex secondary structures due to base pairing. Instead of thymine, RNA contains uracil, which pairs with adenine.

Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids:

DNA Functions:

• Genetic Storage: DNA serves as the primary repository for an organism's genetic information. The sequence of base pairs in DNA encodes the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

• Replication: DNA replication is a process in which DNA molecules make copies of themselves. This is crucial for cell division, growth, and repair.

• Transcription: In transcription, a complementary RNA molecule is synthesized based on a specific segment of DNA. This RNA, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

• Protein Synthesis: DNA provides the instructions for building proteins. This process, known as translation, takes place on ribosomes and involves multiple types of RNA.

RNA Functions:

• Messenger RNA (mRNA): mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, where it is translated into a specific protein.

• Transfer RNA (tRNA): tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. Each tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with a specific mRNA codon.

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): rRNA is a component of ribosomes, the cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs. It helps catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

• Regulatory RNA: Several types of regulatory RNA molecules, such as microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), play roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation by interfering with the translation of specific mRNA molecules.

Biological Significance:

Nucleic acids are essential for the storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information.

They serve as the molecular blueprints for the construction and regulation of all cellular components.

Understanding the structure and function of nucleic acids is fundamental to grasping genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology.

5. Vitamins: Classification and Functions 

Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential for the proper functioning of our bodies. They play a wide range of roles, from supporting growth and development to maintaining overall health. Understanding the classification and functions of vitamins is essential for JEE Main students, as it provides insights into the biochemical processes vital for life.

Classification of Vitamins:

Vitamins are classified into two main categories based on their solubility in water or fat. These categories are water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins.

Water-Soluble Vitamins:

• Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid):

Function: Vitamin C is crucial for the growth, development, and repair of all body tissues. It's involved in numerous bodily functions, including collagen formation, iron absorption, immune system support, and antioxidant protection.

Sources: Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, grapefruits), strawberries, kiwi, tomatoes, and bell peppers.

• B Vitamins:

• B1 (Thiamine):

Function: Thiamine is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and plays a vital role in nerve function.

Sources: Whole grains, pork, and legumes.

• B2 (Riboflavin):

Function: Riboflavin is involved in energy production, cell growth, and maintaining healthy skin.

Sources: Dairy products, lean meats, and green leafy vegetables.

• B3 (Niacin):

Function: Niacin is crucial for the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats and plays a role in DNA repair.

Sources: Meat, fish, and peanuts.

• B5 (Pantothenic Acid):

Function: Pantothenic acid is important for energy production and the synthesis of fatty acids.

Sources: Meat, vegetables, and whole grains.

• B6 (Pyridoxine):

Function: Pyridoxine is involved in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis.

Sources: Meat, fish, and chickpeas.

• B7 (Biotin):

Function: Biotin plays a role in fatty acid synthesis and is essential for maintaining healthy hair, skin, and nails.

Sources: Eggs, nuts, and sweet potatoes.

• B9 (Folate):

Function: Folate is vital for cell division, DNA synthesis, and the formation of red blood cells.

Sources: Leafy greens, legumes, and fortified grains.

• B12 (Cobalamin):

Function: Vitamin B12 is crucial for the formation of red blood cells and neurological function.

Sources: Animal products like meat, fish, and dairy.

Biotin and Pantothenic Acid: These vitamins are essential for energy production, fatty acid synthesis, and maintaining healthy hair, skin, and nails.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins:

• Vitamin A (Retinol):

Function: Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and skin health. It also plays a role in cell growth and differentiation.

Sources: Liver, fish, dairy products, and fortified cereals.

• Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol):

Function: Vitamin D is vital for calcium absorption, bone health, and immune function.

Sources: Sunlight exposure, fatty fish, and fortified dairy products.

• Vitamin E (Tocopherol):

Function: Vitamin E is a potent antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage.

Sources: Nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.

• Vitamin K (Phylloquinone):

Function: Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone health.

Sources: Leafy greens, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts.

Functions of Vitamins:

• Energy Production: B vitamins play a crucial role in energy metabolism, helping convert food into usable energy.

• Antioxidant Protection: Vitamins C and E are powerful antioxidants that neutralize harmful free radicals, protecting cells from damage.

• Immune Support: Vitamin C enhances the immune system's response to infections and illnesses.

• Skin Health: Vitamin A is essential for healthy skin, vision, and immune function.

• Bone Health: Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and plays a significant role in maintaining strong bones.

• Blood Clotting: Vitamin K is necessary for proper blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding.

• DNA Synthesis: Folate (B9) is vital for DNA synthesis and cell division.

• Nervous System Function: B vitamins, such as thiamine (B1) and cobalamin (B12), support proper nervous system function.

• Cell Growth and Repair: Several vitamins, including vitamin A, support cell growth and tissue repair.

• Eye Health: Vitamin A is essential for maintaining good vision, especially in low-light conditions.

• Cardiovascular Health: Some B vitamins, like niacin (B3), help maintain healthy cholesterol levels.

• Red Blood Cell Formation: Folate (B9) and cobalamin (B12) are essential for red blood cell production.

Importance of Biomolecules

Biomolecules are essential for life since they assist organisms in growing, living, and reproducing. They aid the development of organisms ranging from single cells to sophisticated living beings such as humans by interacting with one another. Because of their shape and structure, they can be used for a variety of purposes.

JEE Main Biomolecules Solved Examples

1. Glucose or sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane or benzene (simple six-membered ring compounds) are insoluble in water - Explain.

Ans: Glucose and sucrose, respectively, have five and eight -OH groups. As a result, they're more likely to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Because their electronegativity differences are so small, cyclohexane and benzene are non-polar compounds. As a result, they are not water soluble.

Key Points to remember: Although carbon chains are naturally hydrophobic, the introduction of strong electronegative elements causes them to become hydrophilic due to the development of polarity in the molecules.

2. Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg?

Ans: When an egg is cooked, the globular proteins (egg white albumin) coagulate (denature) into a rubbery, intractable mass. As it forms hydrogen bonds with the egg's water, this insoluble mass swallows it all.

Key Points to remember: Protein denaturation occurs at high temperatures.

Solved Problems of Previous Year Question from the Chapter: Biomolecules

1. The helical structure of a protein is formed by which bond?

Options:

(a) H-bond

(b) Peptide bond

(c) Dipeptide bond

(d) None of these

Ans: The correct answer is option a.

Trick: Certain folding patterns are caused by hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups in neighbouring regions of the protein chain.

2. Match the following:

Options:

(a) (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b)

(b) (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b)

(c) (i)-(a), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(b)

(d) (i)-(d), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c)

Ans: The correct answer is option a. 

Trick: Ascorbic acid protects and maintains the health of cells.

Riboflavin aids in the formation of red blood cells.

Thiamine aids the conversion of carbohydrates into energy in the body's cells.

Pyridoxine is a B vitamin that aids nerve activity.

3. Out of the following isomeric forms of uracil, which one is present in RNA?

Ans: The correct answer is option c. It is a heterocyclic compound with double bonded two oxygens. 

Trick: The chemical formula of uracil is C4H4N2O2.

Practice Questions

1. What products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing

thymine is hydrolysed? (Ans: Thymine β-D-2-deoxyribose and phosphoric acid )

2. What are the hydrolysis products of sucrose? (Ans: Glucose and fructose)

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Conclusion

Biomolecules, the fundamental entities of life, are crucial for JEE Main students to comprehend. This chapter delves into the diverse world of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and more, shedding light on their structures and functions. With applications spanning from biology to biotechnology and beyond, biomolecules hold the key to various scientific and medical advancements. Equipping JEE Main students with this knowledge is not only essential for understanding life's molecular intricacies but also for paving the way for future innovations in science and engineering.