What is DNA Fingerprinting? Understanding the Technique and Its Applications
DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a powerful technique used to identify individuals by analysing unique patterns in their DNA. This method focuses on satellite DNA, which consists of repetitive, non-coding sequences that do not produce proteins. These sequences exhibit high levels of polymorphism, making them ideal for differentiating between individuals. DNA fingerprinting plays a pivotal role in fields like forensics, paternity testing, and evolutionary biology.
Principle of DNA Fingerprinting
The principle of DNA fingerprinting relies on the variability found in Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) within satellite DNA regions. These VNTRs differ significantly between individuals, even among closely related ones, due to their highly polymorphic nature. By analysing these differences, scientists can create a genetic "fingerprint" that is unique to each person.
Steps of DNA Fingerprinting
The process of DNA fingerprinting involves several critical steps, ensuring accuracy in identifying genetic profiles:
Isolating the DNA - The DNA is extracted from the biological sample.
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Digesting the DNA - Restriction endonuclease enzymes are used to cut the DNA into smaller fragments.
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Separating DNA Fragments - The fragments are separated based on size using gel electrophoresis.
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Transferring onto a Membrane - The separated fragments are transferred onto synthetic membranes like nylon via Southern blotting.
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Hybridising with VNTR Probes - Labelled VNTR (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) probes are used to bind specific DNA regions.
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Visualising the Hybrid Fragments - Autoradiography is used to analyse the hybridised fragments, creating a unique DNA profile.
Applications of DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting is a versatile technique with numerous applications:
Forensic Science: A critical tool for crime investigations, DNA fingerprinting can identify suspects by matching DNA samples found at crime scenes.
Paternity and Relationship Testing: The technique is used to establish biological relationships, such as determining the parents of an unclaimed child.
Genetic Diversity Studies: Researchers use DNA fingerprinting to analyse gene frequency and study genetic drift in populations, contributing to evolutionary biology.
Conservation Biology: It aids in tracking genetic diversity in endangered species and managing breeding programs.
Medical Diagnostics: DNA profiling helps detect genetic disorders and mutations by analysing VNTR patterns.
Importance of DNA Fingerprinting
In conclusion, DNA fingerprinting is a revolutionary method that has transformed fields like forensics, medicine, and population genetics. It provides unmatched accuracy in identifying individuals and studying genetic relationships, offering a scientific basis for solving crimes, resolving disputes, and advancing research.
Keep learning about the process of DNA fingerprinting, its principles, and applications to appreciate its significance in modern science. For more insights into topics like DNA structure, DNA Replication, visit Vedantu’s website.
FAQs on DNA Fingerprinting - Understanding the Science Behind DNA Fingerprinting
1. What is the Innovative Advancement of DNA Profiling and Forensics?
In the old-style DNA fingerprinting strategy radio-named DNA tests containing minisatellite or oligonucleotide arrangements are hybridised to DNA that has been processed with a limitation catalyst, isolated by agarose electrophoresis and immobilised on a layer by Southern blotting or - on account of the oligonucleotide tests - immobilised legitimately in the dried gel. The radio-marked test hybridises to a lot of minisatellites or oligonucleotide extends in genomic DNA contained in limitation pieces whose size varies as a result of variety in the quantities of rehash units. In the wake of washing endlessly, the presentation to X-beam film (autoradiography) permits these variable sections to be imagined, and their profiles analysed between people. Minisatellite tests, called 33.6 and 33.15, were most generally utilised in the UK, most parts of Europe and the USA, though pentameric (CAC)/(GTG)5 tests were transcendently applied in Germany. These purported multilocus tests (MLP) recognise sets of 15 to 20 variable parts for every individual going from 3.5 to 20 kb in size.
2. How is DNA Fingerprinting Done in Criminal Cases?
In criminal cases, a buccal swab is taken normally. The buccal swab test collection technique is non-obtrusive and helpful. In the case of a criminal offence, a buccal swab can undoubtedly be defiled with microbes. Further, the Buccal swab DNA yield is extremely low. A blood test is a decent substitution for a buccal swab test. We can utilise a blood test too.
3. Who discovered DNA fingerprinting technique?
Alec Jeffreys invented the DNA fingerprinting technique in 1984. Lal ji Singh is known as the Father of Indian fingerprinting.
4. State two applications of DNA fingerprinting.
The applications of DNA fingerprinting are given below:
This technique is used to identify genes connected with hereditary diseases.
This technique is very useful in forensics to detect the crime.
5. What is DNA fingerprinting?
DNA fingerprinting is a scientific method used to identify individuals by analysing unique patterns in their DNA. It focuses on specific regions of the DNA called satellite DNA, which are non-coding and exhibit a high degree of polymorphism.
6. What is the principle of DNA fingerprinting?
The principle of DNA fingerprinting lies in the variability of VNTRs (Variable Number Tandem Repeats) in satellite DNA. These regions differ significantly between individuals, making them ideal for generating unique DNA profiles.
7. What are the steps of DNA fingerprinting?
The process of DNA fingerprinting involves the following steps:
Isolating DNA from the sample.
Digesting DNA using restriction enzymes.
Separating DNA fragments through electrophoresis.
Transferring fragments onto a nylon membrane.
Hybridising with labelled VNTR probes.
Visualising hybridised fragments using autoradiography.
8. What is DNA fingerprinting and mention its application?
DNA fingerprinting is used for personal identification by analysing genetic patterns. Its applications include forensic investigations, paternity tests, genetic diversity studies, and conservation biology.
9. What are the uses of DNA fingerprinting in forensic science?
In forensics, DNA fingerprinting helps match DNA samples found at crime scenes with potential suspects. It is also used to identify victims when other methods are not viable.
10. Can you explain the process of DNA fingerprinting in detail?
The process of DNA fingerprinting includes isolating the DNA, cutting it into fragments using restriction enzymes, and separating them using electrophoresis. These fragments are then transferred to a membrane, hybridised with VNTR probes, and visualised to create a unique DNA pattern.
11. What is the role of a DNA fingerprinting diagram?
A DNA fingerprinting diagram visually represents the steps involved in the technique, making it easier to understand the principles and process. Diagrams highlight how DNA fragments are separated and analysed to create a genetic profile.
12. What is DNA fingerprinting and how is it used in paternity tests?
DNA fingerprinting is a reliable method to determine biological relationships. In paternity tests, DNA samples from the child and alleged parents are compared to identify matching VNTR patterns, confirming parentage.
13. What are the applications of DNA fingerprinting in research?
The application of DNA fingerprinting extends to research fields like evolutionary biology, where it helps track genetic diversity and analyse genetic drift. It is also used in medical genetics for detecting hereditary disorders.
14. How does DNA fingerprinting contribute to conservation biology?
Uses of DNA fingerprinting in conservation biology include identifying genetic diversity in endangered species, managing breeding programs, and ensuring sustainable populations.
