A Brief On Taxonomy
In order to understand the taxonomy of biological classification one needs to understand what is taxonomy. This word ‘taxonomy' was coined by AP De Candolle and it means 'arrangement'. Taxonomy is a branch of science which deals with the identification, nomenclature, and classification of the organisms. The aim of taxonomy is to classify all the organisms in such a way that evolutionary development and relations are visible as well as provide identification and nomenclature of a particular organism. The principles of taxonomy help in the biological classification of the organisms on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities among the organisms.
History Of Classification
Aristotle was the earliest who classified the organisms into two groups based on the presence or absence of blood in the organisms.
Carolus Linnaeus who is also known as ‘Father of the modern taxonomy’ classified the organisms on the basis of external features into 6 groups as worms, insects, fishes, reptiles, birds, and quadruped.
In 1969 RH Whittaker gave the 5 kingdom classification. This classification is the most relevant of all and is accepted.
Later Carl Woese found that the archaebacteria were quite different from the eubacteria so they cannot be kept together. So he formed 3 domains above the level of kingdoms and gave the phylogenetic tree of evolution of these domains. The three domains are- Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea.
Importance Of Classification
Millions and millions of species of organisms are found on earth and it becomes difficult to study them due to such a vast number. Classifying them into groups eases the process and helps us to explore more about the biodiversity present on the earth.
Groups are made by the scientists based on a number of criteria and thus organisms with similar features are kept together.
Hierarchy Of Classification
This includes the sequential arrangement of different categories from lowest to the highest. Each category is called taxon.
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Seven Levels of Taxonomic Classification
Each level here is the taxon.
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
GENUS
SPECIES
Let us study this taxon in detail
Kingdom
It is the highest category of classification. This is a broad taxonomic category. For example, Plantae kingdom has all types of plants in it and the Animalia kingdom has all types of animals from insects to tigers in it. It is a combination of different phyla.
Phylum/Division
The kingdom is further divided into a number of phyla/divisions. For example, Kingdom Animalia has 35 phyla and the Plant kingdom has 5 divisions.
Class
Phylum further breaks into a number of classes. Some examples of classes are Mammalia, Monocotyledonae, etc.
Order
The class then divides into different orders. A class is termed to have more than 2 orders depending on the population of organisms and similarities present in them.
Genus
A taxon that comes under the order is the genus. Two different organisms can have the same genus like early men and present-day men have genus Homo but the species is different. Organisms belonging to different genera cannot interbreed. For example, both the tiger and cat belong to the same family but different genera so they cannot interbreed. Genus name always starts with a capital letter.
Species
This is called the unit of taxonomic classification. The organisms belonging to the same species can interbreed with each other. Different organisms can have the same genus but species can never be the same. By the rules of nomenclature species of an organism is never capitalized and printed in italics; underlined when written.
Potato and Brinjal both belong to the same genus Melongena but the species of potato is Tuberosum and the species of brinjal is Melongena.
As we move from kingdom to species the number of similar characters of organisms keeps on increasing.
This can be understood with the following example- Both tiger and humans belong to same kingdom Animalia but both seem so different from each other and have very few characters similar like cells of the body, no cell wall but as the classification narrows down tiger is placed in the genus Panthera which also has leopard, lion, etc. These animals have more similar characters with the tiger as compared to the man.
Sample Example of Biological Classification of a Man
From this table, it is clear how taxonomical classification helps us to study the features of organisms in a better way.
FAQs on Taxonomy Of Biological Classification
1.What is the Importance of Taxonomy?
Humans are a part of nature and plants, animals and other organisms play a great part in the life of a human. Whether it is our food demands, medicinal needs, raw materials for industries these are all fulfilled by the large biodiversity present on earth. Both useful and harmful aspects of the organisms must be clear to us for their effective use thus an orderly arrangement (taxonomy) of the organisms becomes a necessity.
Also in hybridization and cross-breeding taxonomical arrangement helps a lot to find similarities and differences among the various organisms.
2. Explain the Principles of Taxonomy.
Taxonomy is a part of systematics but both these words are used synonymously.
Principles of systematics or taxonomy are-
Identification- This refers to identifying the organism, observing its morphological and anatomical features, studying it using various key points.
Classification- On the basis of the study in identification the organism is assigned a different level of taxa based on its characteristics.
Nomenclature- This refers to the naming of an organism with a scientific name that remains the same all over the world to avoid any confusion. The scientific name consists of the name of the genus and the species.
For eg. Mangifera indica (Genus)- mango (Species)
