Gypsum - Introduction
There are many minerals found in nature, and for the students of Chemistry, it is very important to learn about these minerals, and Gypsum is one of those minerals. Hence, it is necessary for the students of Chemistry to learn about the Gypsum in as much detail. But at the same time, students must have access to the explanation of the topic of Gypsum in a manner which they can easily understand, otherwise, it serves no purpose than to give the anxiety to the students which may ultimately lead to the students believing that the topic of Gypsum is difficult to understand and they are not in a position to do so.
Hence, to help the students of Chemistry in learning about the topic of Gypsum, Vedantu provides the complete explanation of the said topic in a language which they can easily understand because this explanation of the Gypsum is prepared by the top educators, who knows how to communicate the topic with the students in an effective manner. Therefore, they have prepared this explanation in an accessible language, so that students have a hassle-free experience.
Also, as said, Vedantu provides the complete explanation of the Gypsum, which mean it includes everything regarding the said topic, that is to say, the meaning of Gypsum, its background, places where it can be found, the chemical formula for the gypsum, various kinds of Gypsum and many more things. And if students still have some doubts in their mind, they can find the solution of the same from the section of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). And Vedantu provides this complete package of the Gypsum free to all the students.
An Overview of the Gypsum
Gypsum is the mineral that includes in its structure Sulfate ion, which makes it a sulfate mineral, and of all the sulfate minerals, Gypsum is the most common. Gypsum is composed of hydrated calcium sulfate, and its chemical formula is CaSO4.2H2O. It is a natural salt mineral, that is to say, an evaporite mineral, and is mostly found along with halite, sulphur, dolomite, anhydrite, and calcite. If we look at the chemical formula of Gypsum and Anhydrite, we can see that Gypsum is much similar to the Anhydrite, because as mentioned, the chemical formula of Gypsum is CaSO4.2H2O, while the chemical formula for the Anhydrite is CaSO4, the only difference between the two is that while Anhydrite contains no water, Gypsum contains two glasses of water.
Gypsum is a naturally occurring mineral composed of hydrated calcium sulfate and appears soft white or grey in colour. It is formed mainly in layered sedimentary deposits and has a variety of uses in many industries like building, sculpting, gardening, and ornaments. It is an inert and safe mineral that has existed for millions of years since you can find it being used in Egyptian pyramids as well. It is the most common sulfate mineral.
Occurrence of Gypsum
As said earlier, Gypsum occurs along with other minerals such as halite and anhydrite. These all are the evaporite minerals, and hence the gypsum. It means that Gypsum is the sedimentary deposit, that is to say, it is deposited by the action or the work of wind or the water, usually in the bottom of the water body. In particular, Sulfate is deposited from the natural brine that occurs in the ocean, which is then followed by anhydrite and halite.
In the saline lakes, that is to say, the salt lakes, and a salt pan, which means the area where the water has been evaporated and the salts and minerals are left behind (sulfate is found in those minerals). When the groundwaters and surface waters do hydration of anhydrite, it forms the gypsum, as a matter of fact, it is one of the common occurrences of the gypsum. In a widely dispersed manner, gypsum can also occur in limestones and dolomitic limestones.
Throughout the world, gypsum deposits occur in many countries, but Spain, the United State of America, Russia, Turkey, and Thailand are the top-most producers of Gypsum. Since gypsum is dissolved in the water over a period of time, only on rare occasions it can be found in the form of sand, and hence mostly it is found in the crystal form. The gypsum crystal of more than 3 metres or of almost 10 feet in length, and of 0.4 metres or almost about 1.5 feet in diameter, was found in the Braden mine of Chile. This particular crystal of the Gypsum is one of the largest crystals of gypsum ever found.
Where is Gypsum Found?
Gigantic gypsums are formed beneath layers of sedimentary rock, along with halite, anhydrite, sulfur, calcite, and dolomite. Thick beds and layers of rocks are commonplace for finding gypsum. Ocean water is high in calcium and sulfate minerals so gypsum is also found in lagoons as the water in the ocean can slowly evaporate and be replenished with new sources of water. When water evaporates, the mineral is left behind. Evidence of gypsum dunes has been found on the planet Mars as well.
What is the Chemical Formula for Gypsum?
The main components of gypsum are calcium sulfate (CaSO4) and water (H2O). Its chemical name is Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate and the chemical formula of gypsum is represented as CaSO4.2H2O. Gypsum and Anhydrite (CaSO4) are very similar chemically just that gypsum has 2 water molecules and Anhydrite does not contain any water molecules.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Gypsum Mineral
Gypsum was known as Spear Stone in old English since it takes a crystal-like form, projecting out of a rock like a spear. You can mix gypsum with water to get its original rock-like shape, and it can be hardened. Its recycling loop can be termed as a “closed recycling loop” since you can recycle it for a number of times and it never loses its quality. It is moderately soluble in water, and its solubility reduces with the rise in temperature, contrary to the behaviour of other salts. Here are some of its important chemical and physical properties at a glance:
Different Kinds of Gypsum
Since gypsum is found all over the world, its shape and texture also vary depending on which part of the world it is found. It is found in approximately 85 countries, and the biggest amount of gypsum is produced in North America. Gypsum has found its use in diverse fields, based on which it can be classified in the below categories:
Its different forms are:
Rock in dull colour
Alabaster which is its fine-grained variety
Gypcrete or gypcrust, which is a hard layer formed on the soil
Selenite Satin Spar has a fibrous texture with a silky lustre.
Types of gypsum products:
Type I – Impression Plaster
Type II – Dental plaster used in model material
Type III – Dental stone used in mounting material
Type IV – Die stone or high storage stone
Type V – High strength which is used when a high expansion is needed as die material like in fabricating base metal alloy castings
How is Gypsum Processed
Gypsum rock is first mined or quarried, then crushed and ground to a fine powder. It then goes through a process called calcining where heat at 350 degrees is supplied to the gypsum powder which removes 3/4th of the water molecules. Hemihydrate is the name of calcined gypsum which is then used in gypsum board, gypsum plaster, and other products. Its selection and preparation (like cleaning) determine the quality of plaster produced. The chemical reaction of this process can be given as:
(CaSO4, 2 H2O) + heat = (CaSO4, ? H2O) + 1.5 H2O
Uses of Gypsums – Some of the Important Uses of Gypsums include
Gypsum is in use for so many years, because there are so many uses of the Gypsum, a few of which are given below:
Constructing buildings
In making pottery and moulds
In dental appliances to make casts and moulds and impression material
Manufacturing plaster of Paris
Conditioning soil
Hardening material in cement
Filler ingredient in many foods
Gypsum is used in the manufacturing of cement, wallboard, soil conditioning, as a hardening Retarder in Portland cement.
Alabaster and Satin spar is the type of gypsum used for ornamental purposes.
In Agriculture, Gypsum is used as a fertilizer, it is also used as a fluxing agent, and in paper and textile, it is used as a filler.
Gypsum is heavily used as a building material, and in plaster of paris, as a matter of fact, about three-fourths of the total production is used for such purpose.
FAQs on Gypsum
1. What variety of gypsum is used for ornamental purposes?
The 2 varieties of gypsum which are used in making ornaments are “satin spar” and “alabaster.”
2. Is gypsum harmful?
It is not a toxic material and in case you ingest it, just wash out your mouth and drink plenty of water. It may irritate the eye or cause discomfort to the respiratory system, but all the effects are short term.
3. Where is the largest gypsum quarry?
Gypsum rock is found all through the world and the biggest quarry is found in Nova Scotia, in Eastern Canada, and is owned by National Gypsum.
4. Is there any alternative to natural gypsum?
Flue Gas Desulphurisation Gypsum or FGD Gypsum can be used as an alternative to natural gypsum. In coal-fired power stations, their by-products give rise to these gypsums.
5. What are the two ways of calcification of gypsum?
There are 2 ways gypsum is calcined to produce different types of gypsum:
Beta plaster is produced when calcifications happen at atmospheric pressure. It gives Type I and Type II gypsums.
Alpha plaster is produced when calcification happens at elevated pressure. It gives Type III, type IV, and Type V gypsums.
