An Introduction of Transition Metals
Transition metals are actually the various chemical elements that have valence electrons. It means electrons that can promote the formation of chemical bonds in two shells instead of just one. Although the term transformation does not have any specific chemical meaning, it is a convenient name for distinguishing the similarity of the atomic structures and the resulting properties of the elements. They occupy the center portions of the periodic table of elements between the groups on the left and the groups on the right. Specifically, groups 3 (IIIb) through 12 (IIb)
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What is a Metallic Character?
According to the metallic character definition, Metallic character refers to the level of the metal's reactivity. Metals tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions, as implied by their low ionization energy. Metal atoms have a low attraction for electrons within the compound, as indicated by their low electronegativity.
Physical properties related to metallic character involve metallic luster, glossy appearance, high density, high electrical conductivity, and high thermal conductivity. Most of the metals with metallic characters are malleable and ductile and can be deformed without breaking. In this case, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Mn are exceptions. The rest of the elements show one or more metallic characters at room temperature. Except for the metals which are exceptions, the remaining of the elements are hard and have low volatility.
Metallic Character Trend
According to the modern periodic table, the metallic character of an element decreases as we move from left to right in the periodic table. This is due to the fact that, while moving from left to right in a period of time, the number of electrons and protons in an atom is expected to increase, which makes the nuclear force stronger, and therefore it becomes more difficult to lose electrons.
Metallic character increases down the group. This kind of metallic character trend happens because the atomic radius increases while moving down the group, which makes it easier to lose electrons.
How to Recognize Elements with Metallic Trends?
Metallic characters are shown by metals, all of which are on the left side of the periodic table.
The only exception is hydrogen, which is a non-metal under normal conditions. Yet hydrogen behaves like metal when it's liquid or solid, but perhaps you should perceive it non-metallic for most purposes.
Metallic elements occur in certain groups or columns of elements, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals (including lanthanide and actinides below the main body of the periodic table), and base metals.
Other metal categories encompass base metals, noble metals, ferrous metals, heavy metals, and precious metals. Metalloids display some metallic character. However, this family of elements also has some non-metallic properties.
What are Transition Metals?
The metals in the periodic table that mostly consist of the d-block transition elements possessing unique and useful properties are known as transition metals. There are a total of 56 transition elements present in the periodic table which are further classified into three main groups-
D-Block Elements or main transition elements
Lanthanides
Actinides
There are incomplete inner electron shells in the case of transition metals which act as the transitional links between the most electropositive and least electropositive between the series of elements. The characterization of the transition metals can be done by the points listed below-
Colored compounds
Multiple Valences
Capability to form stable complex ions
Transition Metals - Metallic Character
Transition metals possess low ionization energies and several vacant orbitals are present in their outermost shell. This is the reason behind their metallic character. Typical metallic properties are exhibited by transition metals because of the formation of metallic bonds between them. The presence of covalent bonds is indicated by the hardness that these metals possess which is because they have unpaired d-electrons. The unpaired electrons which are present in the d-orbitals may overlap leading to the formation of covalent bonds.
The number of covalent bonds present depends on the number of unpaired electrons. If the number of unpaired electrons is high, the covalent bonds will be formed more. This property leads to an increase in the hardness and strength of the metal.
The transition metals including chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are known to be very hard metals because they have the maximum number of electrons present in their d-orbital while on the other hand metals like mercury, zinc, and cadmium are not at all hard since no unpaired electrons are present in their d-orbitals.
The metallic depends upon the easiness of a metal with which it loses electrons. When we move left to right across the periodic table, there is an increase in the number of protons and electrons which further leads to an increase in nuclear forces on the electrons which makes it difficult for them to lose electrons, therefore the metallic character while moving left to right decreases. As the atomic radius is increased there is an increase in the metallic character as well. Therefore while moving top to bottom, the metallic character of the elements is increased.
Explanation for the Metallic Character of Transition Elements
Transitional elements have a metallic character because they have low ionization energies as well as several empty orbitals in their outer shells. Such a property leads to the formation of metallic bonds in transition metals and hence demonstrates common metallic properties.
These metals are hard, indicating the presence of covalent bonds. This is due to the presence of unpaired d-electrons in transition metals. The d-orbital containing unpaired electrons can sometimes overlap and establish covalent bonds. The higher the number of unpaired electrons present in the transition metals, the greater the number of covalent bonds formed by them.
The chromium (Cr), tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo) metals have a maximum number of unpaired d-electrons. These transition metals are therefore exceedingly difficult. On the other hand, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and mercury ( Hg) are not extremely hard because they do not have unpaired d-electrons.
Metallic character with Alloys
Although the metallic character is mainly related to pure elements, alloys could also have a metallic character. For example, bronze and most copper, magnesium, aluminum, and titanium alloys usually show a high level of metallicity. A few other metallic alloys consist purely of metals, but most often contain metalloids and nonmetals, while retaining the properties of metals.
Example Questions
1. Give some examples of metals that display metallic character
The metals that display with metallic characters are francium, caesium, sodium, copper, silver, iron, gold, aluminum, etc. Caesium and francium are the elements that display the highest metallic character.
2. How does the atomic radius vary in the metallic trends of transition elements?
The atomic radius increases by going down a group, by moving the outer electrons further away from the nucleus. It makes the electron less attracted to the nucleus. As a result, metals become more reactive as we go down the group.
FAQs on Metallic Character of Transition Metals
1. What are some of the properties of metals?
Some of the physical properties that metals possess are listed below-
The melting points are high.
They are good conductors of electricity.
They are good conductors of heat.
They have a very high density.
They are malleable, ductile, and lustrous.
When combined with other metals, they form alloys.
When they react with other substances, they tend to lose or share electrons.
Each metal has the tendency to form a minimum of one basic oxide.
They have the tendency to form paramagnetic compounds.
2. What is the reason behind metals having high melting points?
Metals tend to possess strong intermolecular forces because of which they have a hard lattice structure. Since they have giant and hard lattice structures it means the number of the electrostatic forces which are to be broken is very large. Therefore, in order to break these bonds, the energy required to break is very high. This is the reason why metals have high melting as well as boiling points.
3. What are some of the exceptions of metals based on their physical properties?
Some of the exceptions of metals based on their physical properties are listed below-
Conductivity- Out of all the metals, titanium and aluminum are very poor conductors of electricity and heat.
Malleability- Metals such as zinc, mercury, arsenic, and antimony are non-ductile and non-malleable metals.
Hardness- Most of the metals are very hard though there are some exceptions which include mercury which is also known as liquid metal, cesium, and gallium. These are also known as soft metals.
Luster- Metals are very lustrous but sodium is a metal that is non-lustrous.
4. What is meant by an alloy?
When a metal is combined with at least one other nonmetal or metal, the combination is known as an alloy. Metals can be combined with other metals and nonmetals by heating and melting them and then mixing them together. Then they are left to solidify and cool back at room temperature. In order to increase the hardness, corrosion resistance, strength, and many more properties of metals, other metals or nonmetals are added to them. Examples of alloys include brass, steel, bronze, amalgams, etc.
5. What are some of the differences between transition metals and alkali metals?
One of the most important differences between transition metals and alkali metals is that alkali metals are colorless while transition metals possess color. Alkali metals consist of an unpaired electron in their outermost shell which is the s orbital while transition metals consist of unpaired electrons with atoms in their d-orbital. Examples of alkali metals include lithium, sodium, cesium, potassium, and so on while examples of transition metals include vanadium, titanium, manganese, iron, and so on.
6. What are the Non - Metallic Character Trends in the Periodic Table?
Elements that tend to gain electrons are known as non-metals. The tendency to gain electrons increases over a period of time due to an increase in the nuclear charge and a decrease in the atomic size. The non-metallic character thus increases over a period of time. As we move down the group, the non-metallic character decreases due to an increase in nuclear size.
7. Why does Metallic Character Increase as you go Down the Group?
As we start moving down the periodic table, the number of shells will be increasing. The effective nuclear charge sustained by valence electrons decreases as the outermost electrons move further away from the central nucleus. These valence electrons can therefore easily be lost. The element gains a positive charge by losing the electrons. As a result, the metallic character increases down the group.
8. Why do Atomic Radii Increase Down a Group and Decrease Across a Period?
Atomic radius decreases across a period: The shells remain the very same, however the number of valence electrons increases which results in the increase in the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons.
Atomic radius increases down the group: The valence electrons remain the same, but the number of shells keeps increasing when going down the group and the attraction force between the nucleus and the valence shell keeps reducing.
