What is the Degree of Unsaturation?
There are multiple methods for determining the structure of an organic compound and for knowing about the structural properties of the compound. Determining the degree of saturation is one way to identify the structure of the organic compound. It helps you also to double check the number of 𝜋 bonds and/or presence of any cyclic rings. Typically, sturatino is considered as the point when a solution can dissolve no more of the substance which is added to it. In terms of degree of unsaturation, as mentioned above, it gives information about the bonding of molecules i.e. it tells you whether a molecule has a single bond, double bond, triple bond or a cyclic ring structure.
Formula of Degree of Unsaturation
From this definition, the degree of unsaturation, organic compounds can be classified into two types: saturated and unsaturated. Saturated compounds are the ones having a single bond. This single bond in a saturated compound should not be part of any cyclic or ring structure. On the other hand, an unsaturated compound is the one that has a double bond(s), triple bond(s), and/or ring(s). The alkanes having single bonds are classified as saturated whereas the alkenes and alkynes having double and triple bonds respectively are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
To know how to find the degree of unsaturation of a given compound a formula is thus given which includes these characteristics as part of the formula. Hence, the degree of unsaturation formula helps you in determining whether a compound is saturated or unsaturated.
Calculating the degree of unsaturation gives you information about the total number of pi bonds and rings that can be present within a molecule which can help you in determining the molecular structure instead of using expensive spectroscopic techniques. The degree of unsaturation formula is given below in simplest terms as:
DU = Degree of Unsaturation = number of pi bonds + number of rings
How to find Degree of Unsaturation
The degree of unsaturation formula takes the number of carbon atoms (C), number of nitrogen atoms (N), number of halogen atoms (X), and the number of hydrogen atoms (H) as input values. These values can be easily obtained from the molecular formula of the compound. For how to calculate the degree of unsaturation, the formula is given as:
DU = \[\frac{\left ( 2c+2+N-x-H \right )}{2}\]
The input values are an indication of the number of hydrogen atoms that should be present for the given compound to be classified as saturated. A saturated molecule contains only single bonds and no rings. In other words, a saturated form of a hydrocarbon will have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in an acyclic alkane form. Hence, the 2C + 2, in the formula is the total number of hydrogen atoms that should be bound to the saturated carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms that are actually present in the compound. The reason that the value of halogen atoms (X) is subtracted is because it replaces an equal number of hydrogen i.e. one halogen atom for one hydrogen atom. Apart from that, nitrogen brings in more hydrogen atoms and because of that the value is added. Oxygen and Sulphur do not seem to have any effect in changing the saturation status of a compound.
The information obtained from the degree of unsaturation can be characterised as: 1 value of DU gives 1 ring or 1 double bond. For a triple bond, 2 is the minimum DU value.
The following two simple examples will illustrate the use and understanding of how to find the degree of unsaturation and the degree of unsaturation formula.
Example 1: For a compound having the molecular formula C3H4, find the degree of unsaturation.
Solution: The given formula is C3H4. Since there is no nitrogen or halogen the degree of unsaturation formula is reduced to:
DU = \[\frac{\left ( 2c+2-H \right )}{2}\]
For a compound with the given molecular formula the elongated saturated form will have a total of 2C + 2 hydrogen atoms. Hence, this number is 8.
The difference between the expected number of hydrogens and the observed number of hydrogen atoms = 8 - 4. Thus, the molecule needs 4 more hydrogen atoms to be saturated. From the degree of unsaturation formula for this compound, the value obtained as degree of unsaturation is:
DU = \[\frac{4}{2}\] = 2.
Thus, the given compound can either have 1 ring and 1 double bond; 2 rings and 0 double bonds; 0 rings and 2 double bonds; or only 1 triple bond.
Example 2: What is the Degree of Unsaturation of Benzene?
Solution: The molecular formula for benzene is C6H6. From the above formula, the formula for degree of unsaturation is reduced to:
DU = \[\frac{\left ( 2c+2-H \right )}{2}\]
DU = \[\frac{2\times 6+2-6}{2}\]
DU = \[\frac{8}{2}\] = 4.
Now, 1 value of DU can give either one ring or one double bond. In the case of benzene, the value 4 gives one ring and three double bonds.
How to calculate the Degree of Unsaturation or Degree of Saturation
Hydrocarbons are the main compounds that form the bodies of the living thing. These are the basic compounds of the organic world that we observe around us. These hydrocarbons are the combination of mostly Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen along with some trace amounts of other elements such as Nitrogen, Sulphur etc. It can be as simple as Methane with a single carbon atom combined with 4 Hydrogen atoms or it can be very long chains of carbon as polycarbonate chains. Carbon atoms essentially constitute the skeleton of the molecule with Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms by single bonds. While Oxygen atoms are attached to the carbon atom by a double bond combination. Likewise Nitrogen atoms are usually combined with a triple bond. Based on the presence of these different bonds in Hydrocarbon molecules the Organic substances are categorised as saturated or unsaturated.
If a hydrocarbon chain contains only single bonds then these are known as saturated compounds. Other than these, if a Hydrocarbon chain contains any type of double bond, triple bond or a ring structure then it is known as an unsaturated Hydrocarbon. To determine the number of double or triple bonds or rings we calculate the degree of unsaturation of any carbon compounds.
As the degree of saturation depends on number of Carbon ( C) atoms, number of nitrogen (N) atoms, number of Hydrogen (H) atoms and number of halogen (X) atoms so the values of the amount of these atoms avan be used to calculate the presence of any double bond, triple bond or ring structure. The formula used to determine these is as follows :
DU = \[\frac{\left ( \left (2c+2 \right )+N-X-H \right )}{2}\]
After we input the values and solve the equation then according to the result obtained we can know the degree of unsaturation.
FAQs on Degree of Unsaturation Formula
1. How to find the degree of unsaturation?
The degree of unsaturation is equal to 2 or half the total number of hydrogen that a molecule needs to be classified as saturated. Hence, the degree of unsaturation formula divides the value by 2. The formula includes the number of hydrogen atoms added because of addition of nitrogen and subtracts the number of halogen atoms because they displace an equal number of hydrogen atoms.
2. What is meant by degree of unsaturation?
While analysing the molecular formula, the degree of unsaturation helps to gain some information regarding the possible structure of the compound. The degree of unsaturation provides information about the total number of rings and pi bonds in a given molecule.
3. What is the degree of unsaturation of benzene?
The molecular formula of benzene is C₆H₆. Thus, it has six carbon atoms and it needs 8 more hydrogen atoms in order to be classified as saturated. Therefore, the degree of unsaturation of benzene is 4, which gives one ring and three double bonds.
4. What is the difference between elements and compounds ?
In Chemistry we identify and study all the matter that exists in the Universe as an element or a compound. The elements are the purest form of substance that consist of a single type of atom. For example the Hydrogen gas contains only atoms that have one proton and one electron. While the compounds consist of a single type of molecule, the molecules in turn are formed out of the combination of atoms of 2 or more types of elements. For example Carbon dioxide has molecules that are formed by combination of one carbon atom and two Oxygen atoms.
5. What is chemical formula ?
While studying about different types of elements instead of writing their full names and to represent them in symbols. Unlike the ancient graphical symbols, modern chemistry uses one or two initial letters in the name of elements to use as its symbol. Likewise, when compounds are formed by the combination of two or more elements then the compound is represented by all the symbols of the element that combine to form a single molecule of the compound. This symbolic representation of elements and compounds is known as the chemical formula.
6. How is a bond formed between two atoms ?
In the chapters of Inorganic Chemistry we have learnt about the structure of atoms. An atom consists of neutrons and protons in the centre and electrons around it. The electrons are free to move and can transfer from one atom to another. There is a general tendency among atoms to contain a certain number of electrons according to their valency. Atoms of some elements having less number of electrons than their valence number can accept electrons from another account ready to donate it. Such exchange of electrons creates chemical bonds.
7. What are halogens ?
As a student of Chemistry you must be familiar with the periodic table and different groups in it. The elements of group 17 are known to exist in the form of different types of salt. There are six elements in this group namely fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). One artificially created halogen is tennessine (Ta). These elements exist in different types of salts such as calcium fluoride, sodium chloride, silver bromide, and potassium iodide.
8. What is the best source to remember all the formulas of Organic Chemistry ?
Organic Chemistry is among three common branches of Chemistry. The other two are Physical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry. In Organic Chemistry, we study all the organic compounds found on earth. There are a number of organic compounds which have been named according to the properties and presence of other element atoms combined with carbon atoms. So it is very important to remember all the formulas mentioned in your book to secure good marks in the examination on Organic Chemistry. There are various study materials available on Vedantu to make it easy to remember all the chemical symbols and formulas for organic compounds.
