Understanding the Concept and Importance of Center of Mass for IIT JEE: Simplified Guide with Key Applications
Every single physical system has associated itself with a certain point whose motion characterizes the motion of the whole system. When the system moves under an external force, then this point moves as if the entire mass of the system were concentrated at it, and also the external force was applied at it. This point is therefore called the ‘center of mass’ of the system. The motion of a system can be described in terms of the motion of its center of mass.
While studying for JEE Main keep in mind the dynamics of the movement of the system of particles as a whole, do not be bothered about the dynamics of an individual particle of the system. Rather focus only on the dynamics of a unique point corresponding to that system. The movement of this unique point is analogous to the movement of a single particle whose mass is equivalent to the sum of all independent particles of the system and the outcome of all the forces exerted on all the particles of the system by surrounding bodies (or) action of a field of force is exerted directly to that particle. This point is known as the center of mass of the system of particles. The idea of the center of mass (COM) is functional in analyzing the complicated movement of the system of objects, especially when two and more objects collide or an object explodes into fragments.
What is Center of Mass?
A position that is defined relative to an object or a system of objects is known as the Centre of Mass of that object. In a system, the average position of all parts that are weighted according to their Masses is defined as the Centre of Mass. The Centre of Mass for the simple rigid objects having uniform density is located at the Centroid. It is possible that sometimes the Centre of Mass of an object does not lie over it. In the case of a uniform disc, the Centre of Mass would lie on its Centre, while the Centre of Mass in the case of a ring lies on the Centre but there is not any material.
The Centre of Mass for complicated shapes can be defined as the unique position where the sum of the weighted position vectors of all the parts equals zero.
What's a Rigid Body?
In everyday terms, we often come across things that can bend or stay stiff. These things can be soft, like a rubber ball, or hard, like a metal rod. When something can change its shape, we say it's deformable. But if it stays the same no matter what, we call it rigid.
Imagine an object made up of lots of tiny particles really close together. When this object changes its shape, the particles move around, and their distances from each other change. Now, a rigid body is like a special object where no matter what you do to it, the distances between all those tiny particles stay constant.
Think of it as the average position of all the parts of this object, taking into account how much each part weighs. For a simple rigid thing with an even density (like the same amount of stuff spread out evenly), the center of mass is right at the middle of it.
Importance of Centre of Mass
The Centre of Mass of a system is that one point where any uniform force is acted upon the object. It is important to find the Centre of Mass of objects as it makes it easy to solve the Mechanics’ problems in order to describe the Motion of complicated and oddly shaped objects. While doing calculations, we assume that all the Mass of an oddly-shaped object is concentrated in a tiny object that is located at the Centre of Mass, and this tiny object that we have assumed is known as the point Mass.
The Center of Mass Formula Derivation
The Vector Addition of the weighted position vectors that point towards the Centre of Mass of each object, gives the Centre of Mass of that system. The Centre of Mass is calculated separately for the components along each axis.
For x-axis:
\[x_{com}=\frac{m_1x_1+m_2x_2+m_3x_3+...}{m_1+m_2+m_3+...}\]
For y-axis:
\[y_{com}=\frac{m_1y_1+m_2y_2+m_3y_3+...}{m_1+m_2+m_3+...}\]
\[x_{com}\] and \[y_{com}\] together will give the coordinates for the Centre of Mass of a system.
Center of mass formula for point objects:
Calculating the Center of mass isn't a juggling act, but a systematic process. Here's how to find the Center of mass for different types of objects:
Discrete Mass Systems: For a system with a finite number of point masses (think planets orbiting a star), use the formula
\[x_{com}=\dfrac{\sum_{i=0}^{n}m_ix_i}{M}\]
where x_cm is the x-coordinate of the Center of mass, m_i are the individual masses, and x_i are their respective x-coordinates.
Center of mass formula for any geometric shape:
\[x_{com}=\frac{l}{2}\]
Continuous Mass Distribution: For objects like uniform rods or discs, where mass is continuously distributed, resort to integration. Express mass as a function of position and integrate over the object's extent to find the average position.
$x_{com} = \int{ \dfrac{x dm}{M}}$
$y_{com} = \int{ \dfrac{y dm}{M}}$
$z_{com} = \int{ \dfrac{z dm}{M}}$
Note: Symmetrical objects often have their Center of mass at the geometrical center.
Center of Mass of a Two-Particle System
Let us consider a system of two particles of masses m1 and m2 located at points A and B respectively.
Let r1 and r2 be the position vectors of the particles relative to a fixed origin O. Then, the position vector rcm of the center of mass C of the system is defined by
(m1+m2) rcm =m1 r1+m2 r2.
The product of the total mass of the system and the position vector of the center of mass is equal to the sum of the products of the masses of the two particles and their respective position vectors.
Center of Gravity
The imaginary point through which on an object or a system, the force of Gravity is acted upon is known as the Centre of Gravity of that system. Usually, it is assumed while doing mechanical problems that the gravitational field is uniform which means that the Centre of Gravity and the Centre of Mass is at the same position.
Properties of Center of Mass:
Invariance: The Center of Mass remains stationary relative to the reference frame if the object undergoes only translational motion (no rotation).
Additivity: The Center of Mass of a system is the vector sum of the individual Center of Masses of its constituent parts, weighted by their masses.
Coincidence with centroid: For uniform-density objects, the Center of Mass coincides with the geometrical centroid.
Motion under uniform force: If a uniform force acts on an object, it will cause a translational acceleration without any angular acceleration, as if the entire mass were concentrated at the Center of Mass.
Applications of Center of Mass:
Solving translational motion problems: By treating the object as a point mass at the Center of Mass, we can simplify calculations involving linear momentum, kinetic energy, and collisions.
Understanding rocket dynamics: The Center of Mass plays a crucial role in analyzing the motion and stability of rockets, as their mass distribution changes during fuel burn.
Explaining planetary motion: The Center of Mass of the solar system lies slightly outside the Sun due to the presence of other planets, influencing their orbital dynamics.
Analysing acrobatics and sports: The concept of Center of Mass helps explain the balance and maneuvers of athletes in various sports like gymnastics, diving, and pole vaulting.
Problem-Solving Techniques of Centre of Mass:
Direct calculation: For simple objects with known geometry and uniform density, the Center of Mass coordinates can be directly calculated using the formulas for geometric centroids.
Particle method: For complex objects or systems, the Center of Mass can be determined by dividing the object into smaller particles and calculating the weighted average of their positions.
Integral calculus: For continuous mass distributions, the Center of Mass can be found using integral calculus to sum the contributions of infinitesimal mass elements.
Solved Example of Center Mass
Example 1: m₁=2kg and m₂=5kg are two-point Masses located at y₁=10m and y₂=-5m respectively. Calculate the Centre of Mass.
We know that
\[y_{com}=\frac{m_1y_1+m_2y_2+...}{m_1+m_2+...}\]
\[y_{com}=\frac{2\times 10+5\times (-5)}{2+5}\]
\[y_{com}=\frac{20-25}{7}\]=\[-\frac{5}{7}\]
Therefore, \[y_{com}=-\frac{5}{7}\]
Example 2: In the HCL molecule, the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms is 1.27 A. Find the location of the center of mass of the molecule. A chlorine atom is 35.5 times heavier than a hydrogen atom.
Solution: The center of mass of the HCL molecule will be on the line joining H and CL atoms. Let the HCL molecule be along the X-axis, the H atom being at the origin (x=0). The center of mass relative to the H atom is given by
\[x_{cm}=\frac{m_1x_1+m_2x_2}{m_1+m_2}\]
Where m1 and m2are the respective masses of H and CL atoms, and x1and x2 their distances relative to the H atom.
Here, m2=35.5 m1, x1=0 and x2=1.27 A
\[x_{cm}=\frac{(m_1\times0)+(35.5m_1\times1.27A)}{m_1+35.5m_1}\]=\[\frac{35.5\times1.27A}{36.5}\]=1.235A
Example 3: Two bodies of masses 0.5 kg amnd 1 kg are lying in the X-Y plane at points (-1, 2) and (3,4) respectively. Locate the center of mass of the system.
Solution : Here, we have
m1=0.5 kg, m2=1 kg, x1= -1, y1=2, x2=3, y2=4.
By definition, the coordinates of the center of mass of the two bodies are given by:
\[x_{cm}=\frac{m_1x_1+m_2x_2}{m_1+m_2}\]=\[\frac{(0.5)(-1)+(1)(4)}{(0.5)+(1)}\]=\[\frac{5}{3}\]
\[y_{cm}=\frac{m_1y_1+m_2y_2}{m_1+m_2}\]=\[\frac{(0.5)(2)+(1)(4)}{(0.5)+(1)}\]=\[\frac{10}{3}\]
The coordinates of C>M> are (5/3, 10/3).
Follow and practice more center of mass examples to get a better understanding.
Why Center of Mass is Important for IIT JEE
The center of mass simplifies the analysis of motion by treating an object as if its entire mass is concentrated at a single point. This is especially useful for solving complex problems in mechanics.
It helps in understanding the balance and stability of objects, which is crucial for solving problems involving rigid bodies and rotational dynamics in IIT JEE.
Concepts like projectile motion, collisions, and rotational motion become easier to calculate when the center of mass is considered.
It plays a key role in understanding systems of particles, as it gives a clear picture of how different parts of a system contribute to its motion.
The center of mass is essential for solving real-life problems, such as calculating the motion of irregular objects, which are often asked in exams.
Many IIT JEE problems require a good understanding of the center of mass to connect linear and angular motion in a system.
Conclusion
The center of mass is a powerful concept that unlocks a deeper understanding of motion and equilibrium. By mastering this concept, you'll be well-equipped to tackle JEE Main Physics problems and gain valuable insight into the fascinating world of mechanics. Remember, the center of mass is not just a point on a page – it's the master of motion, guiding the dance of objects in our universe.
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FAQs on JEE Mains 2025 Physics Center Of Mass Definition, Derivation, Formula and Example
1. What are the important differences between the Centre of Mass and the Centre of Gravity?
In the case of the Centre of Mass, the weights of the objects are done and divided according to their Masses while the Centre of Gravity is that point where the object acts in response to Gravity. The Centre of Mass is focused on the Mass of the body and is dependent upon the Mass distribution while the Centre of Gravity is focused on the weight of the body and is dependent upon the acceleration that is caused due to the presence of Gravity in an object.
2. What are some of the characteristics of the Centre of Mass?
The Centre of Mass is considered to be an essential part of Astrophysics and Astronomy and the characteristics of the same are-
The Center of Mass is dependent on the position of the object.
Mass of an object equals zero in space.
The Center of Mass is changed if any external force is exerted on the object.
The Center of Mass is not dependent on the location or position of the object.
In the case of symmetrical objects, the Centre of Mass and Centre of Gravity lies in one place.
3. What are some of the characteristics of the Centre of Gravity?
Some of the important characteristics that the Centre of Gravity possess are-
Asymmetrical objects have a Centre of Gravity.
The Center of Gravity is dependent upon the size and shape of the object.
The stability of an object is affected when it is not able to balance itself.
In order to maintain the stability of an object, the Centre of Gravity is useful.
Physical processes can determine the Centre of Gravity of an object.
4. How is the motion in a rigid body described?
The general motion of a rigid body with Mass m can be described as follows-
The translational motion can be described for a rigid body in such a way that it is a point particle with a Mass m that is located at the Centre of Mass.
With respect to the Centre of Mass of the body, the rotation of the particle is independently described.
In order to learn more about rigid bodies, students can check out Vedantu’s study material on rigid bodies, for a better understanding of the concept.
5. What is meant by the term Linear Momentum?
When the product of the total Mass and the velocity of the Centre of Mass are equal, the system is said to be in Linear Momentum. In Mathematical terms, it can be written as p=mv. This also states that the momentum and the Mass of the object and its velocity are directly proportional to each other. This implies that if the Mass of an object or its velocity is greater, the Momentum will also be greater.
6. Give a Real-Life Center of Mass Example?
We know that the trajectory of a projectile under gravity is a parabola. Therefore, when a firecracker is projected from the earth, it goes up along a parabolic path and explodes in mid-air at some point. Let us say P explodes into many fiery fragments which fly off along their own parabolic paths, depending on the position of P. Since the explosion is caused by internal forces alone, the ‘center of mass’ of all the fragments continues to move along the same initial parabolic path that the unexploded cracker would have followed. (In fact, after the explosion, there is nothing at the location of the center of mass which is just a mathematical point.)
7. What is a Rigid Body?
In practice, we come across extended bodies that may either be deformable or non-deformable, that is, rigid. An extended body is also a system of an infinitely large number of particles that have infinite small separations between them. When a body deforms, the disconnection between the distance of its particles and their relative locations also changes. Whereas, a rigid body is an extended object in which the separations and relative location of all of its constituent particles will always remain the same under all circumstances.
It is the average position of all the parts of the system, weighted based on their masses. While dealing with a simple rigid object that has a uniform density, the center of mass will be located at the centroid.
8. What is the importance of the Centre of Mass in Physics?
The Centre of Mass simplifies the study of an object's motion by allowing it to be treated as a single point where all its mass is concentrated. This helps in analysing translational and rotational movements more effectively.
9. How is the Centre of Mass calculated for a system of particles?
The Centre of Mass for a system of particles is calculated using the formula:
$R_{\text{cm}} = \frac{\sum m_i r_i}{\sum m_i}$
where mim_imi is the mass and rir_iri is the position of each particle in the system.
10. Why is the Centre of Mass significant in collision problems?
In collisions, the Centre of Mass remains unaffected by internal forces, so its motion continues uniformly. This makes it easier to predict the overall behaviour of a system during and after a collision.
11. Can the Centre of Mass lie outside the object?
Yes, the Centre of Mass can lie outside the object if the mass distribution allows it, such as in a ring or a hollow sphere where the Centre of Mass is at the geometric centre, not within the material.
12. How does gravity affect the Centre of Mass?
Gravity does not directly affect the Centre of Mass, but it influences the Centre of Gravity. The Centre of Mass is independent of external forces like gravity, while the Centre of Gravity shifts with gravitational fields.
13. What is the relationship between the Centre of Mass and torque?
The Centre of Mass is the point about which the net torque due to gravitational forces on a body is zero. This is important for understanding rotational equilibrium.
14. How does the Centre of Mass change in a moving vehicle?
In a moving vehicle, the Centre of Mass shifts with the distribution of passengers or cargo. Uneven distribution can cause instability and affect handling during turns or acceleration.
15. How is the Centre of Mass used in sports?
Athletes use the concept of Centre of Mass to maintain balance and improve performance. For instance, gymnasts adjust their body position to control their Centre of Mass during flips.
16. What is the role of the Centre of Mass in satellites?
The Centre of Mass in satellites determines their stability and orbit. Thrusters are placed and aligned to ensure smooth rotation and prevent wobbling.
17. How does the Centre of Mass relate to simple harmonic motion?
In simple harmonic motion, the Centre of Mass helps describe the motion of systems like a pendulum or spring by simplifying calculations of displacement and energy.
