Probability Density Function

• Probability density function (PDF) can be defined as a statistical expression that defines probability distribution that is the likelihood of an outcome for any discrete random variable as opposed to any continuous random variable. 

• A variable that has a countable number of possible values is known as a discrete random variable. 

• A continuous variable can have infinite values while a discrete variable can be measured exactly.

• For example, the value for any variable, a discrete variable only goes two decimal places beyond the decimal (e.g. 51.55), while a continuous variable could have an infinite number of values (e.g. 51.55543389658…).

•  PDF is a statistical measure that is used to gauge the likely outcome of a discrete   value.

• Probability Density Function is plotted on a graph and typically resembles a bell curve, with the probability of the outcomes lying below the curve bell curve.(image will be uploaded soon)

Definition of Probability Density Function-

• The probability function which is represented for the density of a continuous random variable lying between a certain range of values is known as Probability Density Function.

• It is known as a probability distribution function or just a probability function. This function is referred to as a cumulative distribution function or Probability Mass Function (PMF). 

• Probability Distribution function (PDF) is defined for continuous random variables whereas PMF (Probability Mass Function) is defined for discrete random variables. 

• PMF does not work for continuous random variables because for any continuous random variable P(X=x) =0 for all x∈R , where R = real numbers.

• The function defined in the form of an integral of the density of the variable density over a given range is known as PDF and it is generally denoted by f (x).

• The function f(x) can be positive or non-negative at any point in the graph.

• The integral of the Probability Density Function over the entire space is always equal to one.

Formula for Probability Density Function (PDF)-

The probability taken by a variable X in case of a continuous random variable on some given value x is always equal to zero. Instead of finding  P(X = x), we need to calculate the probability of X lying in a given interval (a, b). 

Now, let’s calculate it for P (a< X< b). We can do this by using the Probability Density Function. The Probability distribution function formula can be defined as,

P (a<X<b)= \[\int_{a}^{b}\]f(x)

The symbol f(x) is used to represent the curve. f(x) is the function that corresponds to the graph; to draw the graph of the probability distribution we use the density function f(x).

Formula Review-

Properties of Probability Density Function-

Let us assume x is the continuous random variable with f(x) as the density function, the probability distribution function should satisfy the following given conditions:

• For a continuous random variable that takes any value between certain limits, let us say a and b, and we calculate it by finding the area under its curve and the x-axis, within(b) as the upper limit and the (a) as the lower limit and, then the Probability Density Function can be denoted by

P(x) = \[\int_{a}^{b}\]f(x)

• It is non-negative for all the possible values, that is f(x) is greater than 0, for all values of x.

f(x) > 0

• The area between the horizontal X-axis and the density curve is equal to 1,  that is,

\[\int_{-∞}^{∞}\]dx = 1

• Because of the property of continuous random variable, for all over the given range the density function curve is continuous which defines itself over a range of continuous values or the domain of the variable.

Types of Probability Distribution-

Probability Distributions generally come in many different shapes with various different properties, as defined by the standard deviation, mean, skewness, and kurtosis. The different Probability distributions represent different data generation processes and serve different purposes. There are different types of Probability Distribution like -

• Normal Distribution

• Chi square Distribution

• Binomial Distribution

• Poisson Distribution 

Out of all the Probability Distributions, the normal distribution is the most commonly used in engineering, science, finance, and investing.

A Few Applications of Probability Density Function You Need to Know!

The applications of the probability density function are listed below:

1. The probability density function can be used to model the annual data of atmospheric NOx temporal concentration.

2. Probability Density Function is also used to model the diesel engine combustion.

3. In Statistics, it is used to calculate the probabilities associated with the random variables.

4. Probability Distributions are used in risk management.

5. It is also used to evaluate the probability and amount of losses.

Questions to be Solved-

Question 1) Let X be a random variable with Probability Density Function,

f(x) =

1. Find the constant c.

 Solution) Now to find the constant c we can use \[\int_{-∞}^{∞}\]f(x)u du = 1

= \[\int_{-∞}^{∞}\]f(x)u du = 1

= \[\int_{-1}^{1}\]c\[u^{2}\]du = 1

=\[\frac{2}{3}\]c
Thus, the value of the constant is \[\frac{2}{3}\]