Question

What are acetals and hemiacetals?

Answer 1

Hint: An acetal forms when two ether groups are attached to the same carbon. It is also prepared from a hemiacetal, which is derived from an aldehyde that contain one ether group and one alcohol group.

Complete step-by-step answer:
When aldehyde and ketones react with alcohols under an acidic environment, they form acetals. These are functional groups with tetrahedral geometry, in which two alkoxy $$\left(-OR\right)$$ groups are bonded to the central carbon atom.
The mechanism starts with protonation of carbonyl oxygen that makes $$C=O$$ bond highly electrophilic, which is then attacked by alcohol that forms oxonium intermediate. This intermediate gets deprotonated and forms a hemiacetal.
Hemiacetal has only one alkoxy group compared to acetals which has two alkoxy groups. Further, the OH group of hemiacetal is protonated and changed into a good leaving group. As carbon becomes sterically hindered, $$S_{N}2$$ reaction cannot occur here.
Therefore, $$S_{N}2$$ mechanism is followed here where the leaving group is first eliminated by oxygen lone pairs followed by deprotonation of oxonium intermediate that results in acetal.

Hemiacetals are formed from an aldehyde or ketone and an alcohol, by forming an ether bond and OH bond on the same carbon. It is a tetrahedral intermediate in the formation of acetal. When it is catalysed by an acid, it becomes faster but acid can proceed it to decomposition also, back to the starting material.

Note: A hemiacetal structure acts as a reducing sugar and thus it is unstable in nature. On the contrary, acetals are non-reducing sugars and are stable as they are not converted back into aldehyde or hemiacetals.