Question

What is chloride shift? Write its significance during respiration?

Answer 1

Hint: Chloride shift is also termed as the
Hamburger phenomenon or lineas phenomenon named after Hartog Jakob Hamburger. It is a process that occurs in a cardiovascular system and means for exchange of bicarbonate and chloride through the membrane of red blood cells.

Complete answer:
Chloride shift is a process that occurs in the body of the humans through the circulation of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the blood.
The carbon dioxide gas then is absorbing by the red blood cells, mix in water in the red blood cells and it is converted into $\mathop H\nolimits_2 \mathop {CO}\nolimits_3 $, by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. $\mathop H\nolimits_2 \mathop {CO}\nolimits_3 $ helps to break into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. And exchange and flow of bicarbonate and the chloride ions across red blood cells membranes.
For maintaining and controlling the pH of the blood chloride ions move inside the cell while on the hand bicarbonate is moving outside from red blood cells in the plasma.
Carbon dioxide levels decrease whenever blood passes by the lungs and also bicarbonate levels decrease in the serum due the equilibrium shifts to replace $\mathop {CO}\nolimits_2 $ and bicarbonate comes outside.
To maintain and control the balance after charges exit the cell, a chloride anion from the plasma comes inside the red blood cell and an opposite process occurs inside lungs when carbon dioxide is removed from the blood. The change of bicarbonate for chloride in red blood cells and bicarbonate cause from the blood and the rate of gas exchange increased.
significance in respiration: This chloride shift is responsible for regulating and controlling the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen through the chloride ion interaction with allosteric effector.

Note: In the structure called pulmonary capillaries, a reverse of Chloride shift occurs, which is termed as Halden's effect, because in the lungs partial pressure of oxygen is high and hydrogen ions concentration is present more in the intracellular level so with the help of band exchanger 3 chloride ions sent out and bicarbonate is taken in.