Question

Hamburger’s phenomenon is also known as_______________
A) Sodium and potassium shift
B) Chloride shift
C) Bohr effect
D) Haldane effect

Answer 1

Hint:The hamburger phenomenon was named after Hartog Jakob Hamburger. This process takes place in the cardiovascular system. It is the movement of bicarbonate ions from RBC to plasma and chloride ions from the plasma to RBC.

Complete answer:
This process occurs in the blood plasma and red blood cells. It is the movement of chloride ions into RBCs due to the buffer effects of the deoxygenated hemoglobin, which increases the intracellular bicarbonate concentration, and the bicarbonates are released into the plasma for chlorides.
Mechanism:-A major proportion (70%) of carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonates. The $CO_2$ reacts with the water of the cytoplasm in the presence of enzyme carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid.
The carbonic acid is a weak acid and undergoes partial dissociation to give hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion This reaction mostly occurs inside RBCs.
In RBCs, $CO_2$ combines with water to form carbonic acid which dissociates to gives H+ ion and bicarbonate ion in the presence of enzyme carbonic anhydrase. The bicarbonate ion then diffuses outside RBC. In the plasma, it combines with Sodium ions to form Sodium bicarbonate.
Cell membranes are generally impermeable to charged ions but RBCs are capable of exchanging bicarbonate for chloride using the anion exchanger protein. Thus, the rise in intracellular bicarbonate leads to bicarbonate export and chloride intake. Hence, the term "chloride shift" refers to this exchange.
Significance:It lessens the change in pH which can otherwise take place in the peripheral circulation due to the metabolic byproducts.
Thus, the correct option is B, “Chloride shift”.

Note: Plastids are semi autonomous cell organelles bound by two membranes and are found in only plant cells & some unicellular organisms (Euglena) of uncertain affinity.