Question

(i) What is glycosuria and ketonuria?
(ii) Name the technique used for removal of waste from the body during kidney failure.
(iii) Draw and label a diagram of nephron
(iv) Write a semi botanical description of the floral part in Allium cepa. Draw floral diagram and write floral formula
(v) Explain cardiac cycle stepwise.

Answer 1

Hint: The left and right portions of the human heart are divided into four chambers. Left and right atria are located in two upper chambers, while right and left ventricles are located in two bottom chambers. The right ventricle's main job is to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary trunk. While the left ventricle is in charge of pumping newly oxygenated blood to the lungs, the right ventricle is in charge of pumping blood to the body.

Complete answer:
(i) Glycosuria: It is a condition in which a person's urine includes an excessive amount of sugar, or glucose. It usually happens as a result of high blood sugar or kidney damage.
Glycosuria is a common symptom of diabetes, both type \[1\] and type \[2\].
The kidneys may not be able to reabsorb all of the glucose in the blood if there is too much in the blood. When this happens, the glucose is excreted from the body through the urine.
Ketonuria: It is a condition in which the urine contains high levels of ketone bodies, which are produced when cells are broken down for energy. Ketonuria can be harmful if ketones levels get too high, therefore it's important to keep an eye on it if you have diabetes and are prone to high blood sugar levels.
Ketones, also known as ketone bodies, are a form of acid. When fats and proteins are used for energy, the body produces ketones. This is a common occurrence.

(ii) Dialysis is a treatment for removing waste materials from the body when the kidneys are incapable of doing so. A dialysis machine and a particular filter known as the artificial kidney are used to perform this procedure. A small opening in the blood arteries is used to bring blood from the body into the dialyser.

(iii) The Nephron is the kidney's smallest and most functional structural and functional unit. A renal corpuscle and a renal tubule make up this structure. The renal corpuscle is made up of a glomerulus, which is a tuft of capillaries, and a Bowman's capsule, which surrounds it.
 

(iv)
Habit: Perennial herb with bulb.
Root: Fibrous adventitious root system
Stem: Underground bulb
Leaf- From the subterranean bulb, a cluster of radical leaves emerges, cylindrical and fleshy with sheathy leaf bases and parallel venation.
Inflorescence- The inflorescence axis (peduncle) that emerges from the ground and bears a cluster of flowers at its tip is scapigerous. Pedicels are equal in length and emerge from the peduncle's apex, bringing all flowers to the same level.
Flower- Complete, trimerous, actinomorphic, hypogynous, small, white, bracteate, bracteolate, pedicellate, complete, trimerous, actinomorphic, and hypogynous. Flowers have a protandrous quality to them.
Perianth- Sepals six , white, in two whorls of three, synsepalous with valvate aestivation.
Gynoecium- Syncarpous and tricarpellary. On axile placentation, the superior ovary is trilocular, with two ovules in each locule. Basic, thin style with a simple stigma.
Fruit- A loculicidal capsule.
Seed- Endospermous

(v) Cardiac cycle-
Atrial Diastole- The heart's chambers are calmed during this period. The aortic valve and pulmonary artery close, while the atrioventricular valves open, causing the heart chambers to relax.
Atrial systole- Blood cells travel from the atrium to the ventricle during this phase, and the atrium contracts.
Isovolumic contraction- The ventricles begin to constrict at this point. The atrioventricular valves, valves, and pulmonary artery valves all close, but there is no volume change.
Ventricular ejection- The ventricles are contracting and emptying at this point. The aortic valve and the pulmonary artery close.
Isovolumic relaxation- Because no blood reaches the ventricles during this period, pressure drops, ventricles stop contracting, and they begin to relax. The pulmonary artery and aortic valve collapse due to the pressure in the aorta.
Ventricular filling stage-Blood moves from the atria to the ventricles at this stage. It is referred to as a single stage (first and second stage). The flow of blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery is then divided into three parts.

Note:
Renal failure can be caused by a variety of reasons, including:
1. A number of acute and chronic illnesses.
2. When dehydration is excessive.
3. Kidney injury.
4. Pollution or an overabundance of medications.