Question

Immature anther wall is made up of
A. Epidermis
B. Middle layers
C. Endothecium and tapetum
D. All of the above

Answer 1

Hint: Anther is a part of the flower which forms the upper part of the stamen that contains the pollen grains. Angiosperms undergo sexual mode of reproduction. Reproduction of plants mainly takes place in the flowers which consist of both male and female gametes. Meristematic cells make the immature walls of the anther.

Complete answer: The male reproductive structure of flowers is called androecium and female reproductive part of the flower is called gynoecium. Androecium comprises stamens and each stamen consists of two parts called anther and filament. The anther is a sac-like structure which is four-lobed and regulates the function of pollen grain formation. The thread-like structure attached to the anther is called the filament. The process of formation of pollen grains called microsporogenesis takes place in the microsporangia of the anther. Each anther has two lobes called microsporangia. The wall of microsporangia is composed of 4 layers namely tapetum, middle layers, endothecium and epidermis. The immature anther consists of meristematic cells that are surrounded by a layer of the epidermis. Tapetum layer is the innermost layer of the wall and its cells are multinucleated. The middle layer is made up of three to four thin-walled cells and is placed just next to the endothecium. Endothecium layer is the second layer from outside of the anther and is protective in nature. The epidermis is the outermost single layer and protects the anther as it develops a fibrous thickening. Therefore, an immature anther wall is made up of epidermis.
So, option A is the correct answer.

Note: Microspores are commonly called pollen grains. The innermost layer called tapetum provides nourishment to the microspores and the outermost three layers provide protection. Sporogenous tissue is formed in the innermost layer of the anther.