Question

How is thermal energy transferred through the atmosphere and hydrosphere? What effects does this transfer have on climate?

Answer 1

Hint:Light energy is received by radiation from the sun to earth then the thermal energy is transferred through the atmosphere and the hydrosphere by convection and conduction modes of heat transfer.

Complete step by step answer:
Since space is a vacuum which means it doesn’t have any material medium so the thermal energy is primarily received on earth by solar radiation because in the radiation mode of heat transfer no medium is required for energy transfer. Thermal energy from the earth's core also contributes to the atmosphere and hydrosphere via vents (small openings on the earth's surface) through the earth's crust and volcanic eruptions.
Convection is the movement of molecules resulting in warmer (higher energy) molecules moving into cooler areas and transferring the thermal energy to other molecules by displacement, conduction, and radiation.
Thermal exchanges are what ultimately power the planet, life, and the weather.
The 'climate' is a very complex interaction of the thermal energy received, retained, and how it is distributed. Thus, thermal energy transfer MAKES the climate. The heat reflected from the surface of the earth is trapped by greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere and thus the temperature on the earth has maintained the heat transferred to the hydrosphere leads to the vaporization of water and establishing water cycle all these components ultimately leads to the formation of climate.

Note:
The thermal energy from the sun reaches the earth by radiation.
The thermal energy in the earth's crust comes out from vents and volcanic eruption thermal energy.
Transfer to the hydros[here leads to the establishment of the water cycle.