Question

Which amongst the following is aided by the formation of Gemmule in sponges?
(a) Asexual Reproduction
(b) Sexual Reproduction
(c) Parthenogenesis
(d) Parthenocarpy

Answer 1

Hint: Gemmules are tough and coated with a dormant cluster of embryonic cells. When many gemmules are formed, the animal body gets disintegrated and thus all the gemmules are liberated out.

Complete answer:
A Gemmule is a type of an internal bud that gets formed in freshwater sponges (Eg: Spongilla).In other words, they are small bud-like masses of cells that are produced asexually and are capable of developing into a new organism. Thus, they are useful in asexual reproduction. Gemmules can not become dry which means they are resistant to desiccation.i.e, becoming dry, freezing, and anoxia (lack of oxygen) and can lie around for long periods.

        Gemmule Of Spongilla

Additional Information:
- The endospore that is surrounded by a layer of spicules forms the outer layer of the gemmule. This layer enclosed the gemmule and protected it.
-This layer helps the gemmule to struggle against all other unfavorable environmental conditions and also helps them in growing into an adult sponge.
-Parthenogenesis is a type of reproduction in which without being fertilized by a sperm, an egg can develop into an embryo. Parthenogenesis occurs in several insect species including aphids, bees, and ants.
-Parthenocarpy is a type of reproduction in which artificial or natural induced production of fruits takes place without the fertilization of ovules. Varieties of the pineapple, banana, cucumber, grape, orange, grapefruit, and persimmon exemplify naturally occurring parthenocarpy.

So, the correct answer is, ‘ asexual reproduction’.

Note: - At the bottom of the pond, gemmules lie in a dormant condition, and at the advent of favorable conditions they hatch and develop into new sponges.
-Aphids are members of the superfamily Aphidoidea and are also small sap-sucking insects.
-Although individuals within a species can vary widely in color but can have common names including greenfly and blackfly.
-Parthenocarpy produces seedless fruits.