Nutritional deficiencies are a serious global concern, especially among children. Two major forms of severe malnutrition are kwashiorkor and marasmus. Both conditions arise from inadequate nutrient intake but differ in their specific causes, symptoms, and effects on the body. In this article, we will explore the difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus table, discuss kwashiorkor and marasmus symptoms, and understand their causes, treatments, and preventive measures.
What are Kwashiorkor and Marasmus?
Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition that primarily occurs due to severe protein deficiency. Children with kwashiorkor may receive enough calories from other nutrients, but the protein intake remains insufficient.
Marasmus, on the other hand, arises from a deficiency of both calories and proteins, along with other essential nutrients such as carbohydrates and fats. This condition is often linked to extreme poverty and chronic food scarcity.
Causes of Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Severe lack of protein in the diet.
A diet high in carbohydrates but low in protein.
Poor socio-economic conditions and limited access to protein-rich foods.
Marasmus
Deficiency of proteins, calories, and other nutrients (carbohydrates and fats).
Chronic starvation due to poverty, famine, or severe neglect.
Frequent infections that increase the body’s energy requirements.
Difference Between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus Table
Below is the difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus table, highlighting their key distinctions:
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus Symptoms
It is essential to recognise kwashiorkor and marasmus symptoms early to prevent long-term health complications.
Symptoms of Kwashiorkor
Oedema (swelling in the face, feet, ankles, and belly)
Thinning of muscles and limbs
Flaky or patchy skin
A fatty, enlarged liver
Changes in hair colour and texture (hair may become brittle or reddish)
Irritability and lethargy
Symptoms of Marasmus
Extreme weight loss and a very thin, emaciated appearance
Absence of subcutaneous fat
Dry, wrinkled, and loose skin
Stunted growth or reduced height for age
Muscle wasting, leaving children frail and weak
Poor appetite and frequent infections
Treatments for Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
Dietary Management
Kwashiorkor: Emphasise protein-rich foods such as pulses, dairy products, eggs, and lean meats. Gradually introduce balanced meals that include all essential nutrients.
Marasmus: Restore overall calorie intake by including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in well-planned, frequent meals. Start slowly to avoid metabolic complications.
Medical Supervision
Both conditions may require treatment under close medical supervision.
In severe cases, hospitalisation is needed for intravenous fluids, electrolyte balance, and treatment of underlying infections.
Nutritional Supplements
Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTF) can help manage acute malnutrition.
Micronutrient supplements (vitamins and minerals) support faster recovery.
Prevention
Educate caregivers about balanced diets and the importance of including protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats in meals.
Encourage breastfeeding and timely introduction of complementary foods.
Implement community programmes to improve food availability and security.
Additional Tips and Unique Insights
Include variety in meals: Consuming diverse food groups ensures a steady supply of macronutrients and micronutrients.
Monitor child growth: Regular check-ups to track height and weight can catch early signs of malnutrition.
Hygiene and sanitation: Good hygiene practices help prevent infections that can worsen malnutrition.
Community support: Charitable organisations and local food banks can aid families in poverty-stricken areas.
Quick Quiz
Which nutrient is mainly deficient in kwashiorkor?
Answer: Protein.
Name a common feature of marasmus.
Answer: Extreme weight loss or muscle wasting.
What causes fatty liver in kwashiorkor?
Answer: The lack of protein impairs the normal transport of fat, leading to its accumulation in the liver.
State one way to prevent marasmus.
Answer: Providing balanced meals that include sufficient carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
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FAQs on Difference Between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
1. Can kwashiorkor occur in adults?
Yes, kwashiorkor can occur in adults, although it is most commonly seen in children. In adults, it may be associated with chronic illnesses or severely restricted diets.
2. Why does a child with kwashiorkor often appear to have a swollen belly?
The swollen belly (oedema) is usually due to fluid retention caused by low protein levels in the blood, which disrupt normal fluid balance.
3. How long does it take to recover from marasmus?
Recovery time varies depending on the severity of the condition and the speed at which adequate nutrition is restored. With proper medical care and improved diet, gradual recovery is possible over a few weeks to months.
4. Which age group is more prone to marasmus?
Marasmus is more common in children between 6 months and 1 year of age, especially when breastfeeding is stopped too early without sufficient alternative nutrition.
5. What is the role of breastfeeding in preventing malnutrition?
Breast milk contains all the essential nutrients required for a baby’s initial growth and immunity, significantly reducing the risk of malnutrition in early childhood.
