CBSE Class 9 Political Science (Civics) Important Questions Chapter 3 Electoral Politics

1. Write a brief note about the Haryana Assembly Election.

Ans:

The Assembly Election in Haryana is a significant democratic event where citizens of the state elect their representatives to the Haryana Legislative Assembly. These elections are held every five years to choose Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) who will govern the state and make key legislative decisions.

During the assembly elections, political parties and independent candidates campaign to gain voter support. The process involves several stages:

1. Voter Registration: Citizens must be registered to vote. The Election Commission of India oversees the registration process and updates the voter lists.

2. Nominations: Candidates from various political parties and independent aspirants file their nominations to contest in the election. Each constituency elects one MLA.

3. Campaigning: Candidates and parties campaign vigorously, presenting their agendas and promises to the electorate. Campaign activities include rallies, speeches, and advertisements.

4. Voting: On election day, voters cast their votes at designated polling stations. The voting process is supervised by election officials to ensure it is fair and transparent.

5. Counting and Results: After voting, the votes are counted, and results are announced. The candidate with the highest number of votes in each constituency wins the seat.

6. Formation of Government: The party or coalition with the majority of seats in the assembly forms the government. The leader of this party or coalition is appointed as the Chief Minister of Haryana.

2. Why are elections necessary?

Ans:

• Representation: Elections allow citizens to choose their representatives who will make decisions and create laws on their behalf. This ensures that the views and needs of the public are considered in governance.

• Accountability: Through elections, elected officials are held accountable for their actions and policies. If voters are dissatisfied with their representatives' performance, they can vote for someone else in the next election.

• Legitimacy: Elections provide a legitimate basis for the authority of governments. Elected leaders have a mandate from the people, which gives them the moral and legal authority to govern.

• Participation: Elections offer a way for citizens to participate in the democratic process. Voting is a fundamental right and responsibility that allows people to have a say in how their country or community is run.

• Conflict Resolution: Elections provide a peaceful means of resolving political conflicts and transferring power. This helps maintain stability and avoid conflicts that might arise from disputed or undemocratic governance.

3. Give the Code of Conduct more details.

Ans:

• The Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines established to ensure that elections are conducted fairly, transparently, and impartially. Implemented by the Election Commission, it outlines the expected behaviour and practices of political parties, candidates, and government officials during the election period. 

• The Code of Conduct aims to prevent malpractices such as bribery, corruption, and misuse of power. It covers aspects like campaigning rules, the use of public resources, and maintaining public order. 

• By setting clear boundaries and regulations, the Code of Conduct helps maintain a level playing field and upholds the integrity of the electoral process, ensuring that elections are conducted democratically and fairly.

4. Is it possible to choose representatives democratically without holding elections?

Ans:

While elections are the most common and widely accepted democratic method for selecting representatives, there are alternative democratic processes that can be used, though they are less common:

• Sortition (Random Selection): This method involves randomly selecting representatives from a pool of eligible citizens. It is based on the idea that every citizen has an equal chance of being chosen, and it can reduce biases and corruption. Sortition was used in ancient Athens and is sometimes used in modern deliberative democracy processes.

• Deliberative Democracy: In this approach, representatives or decision-makers are chosen through deliberative forums where citizens engage in discussions and debates to reach a consensus. This method emphasises informed and thoughtful decision-making over merely voting.

• Rotating Leadership: Some small communities or organisations use rotating leadership models, where leadership positions are periodically assigned to different members. This ensures that no single individual holds power for an extended period and encourages shared responsibility.

• Consensus Decision-Making: This method involves reaching decisions through consensus rather than voting. All members of a group must agree on the chosen representative or decision, promoting broad agreement and cooperation.

5. How are democratic elections distinguished from other types of elections? Provide instances.

Ans:

1. Free and Fair Process:

• Democratic Elections: Ensure that all eligible voters can participate without coercion or manipulation. Elections are conducted transparently, with measures in place to prevent fraud and ensure accuracy.

• Other Elections: May lack transparency and fairness. For example, in some authoritarian regimes, elections may be controlled to ensure the ruling party's victory, often with limited voter choice and suppressed opposition.

2. Regular and Periodic:

• Democratic Elections: Are held at regular intervals as stipulated by the constitution or electoral laws. This regularity ensures that representatives remain accountable to the electorate.

• Other Elections: These may occur irregularly or be scheduled to prolong the tenure of certain leaders or parties, as seen in some non-democratic systems where elections are delayed or manipulated.

3. Universal Suffrage:

• Democratic Elections: Allow all eligible citizens, regardless of gender, race, or socio-economic status, to vote. Universal suffrage is a cornerstone of democratic elections.

• Other Elections: Might exclude certain groups from voting. For instance, in historical contexts, many countries restricted voting rights based on gender, race, or wealth.

4. Multiple Political Parties:

• Democratic Elections: Feature a range of political parties and candidates, allowing voters to choose from diverse viewpoints and platforms.

• Other Elections: May be dominated by a single party or a few parties, limiting voter choice. In some countries, opposition parties are banned or heavily restricted.

5. Independent Electoral Bodies:

• Democratic Elections: These are overseen by independent and impartial electoral commissions that ensure the election process is conducted according to the law and without bias.

• Other Elections: These may be controlled by the ruling party or government officials, leading to biased outcomes and undermining the integrity of the process.

Examples:

• Democratic Elections: The U.S. Presidential Elections, where candidates from multiple parties compete, and the process is overseen by an independent Electoral Commission.

• Non-Democratic Elections: Elections in North Korea, where the ruling party controls the electoral process, limits opposition, and suppresses dissent, result in outcomes that do not reflect genuine voter choice.

6. What is a Constituency Reserved?

Ans:

• A Reserved Constituency is an electoral area designated to ensure representation for specific social or marginalised groups, such as Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). The concept aims to address historical disadvantages and promote social justice by reserving seats in the legislative body for candidates from these communities. 

• This system ensures that the voices of underrepresented groups are heard in the legislative process. Reserved constituencies are established based on the proportion of SC and ST populations in different regions, and only candidates from these groups can contest elections in such constituencies.

• This approach helps achieve equitable representation and provides a platform for marginalized communities to participate in governance.

7. List the different restrictions and difficulties associated with Indian elections.

Ans:

• Electoral Fraud and Malpractice: Instances of vote tampering, voter intimidation, and bribery can undermine the integrity of elections. Although measures are in place to address these issues, they can still impact the fairness of the electoral process.

• Campaign Finance Issues: The influence of money in politics is a significant challenge. High campaign costs can lead to the dominance of wealthier candidates and parties, creating an uneven playing field and potentially leading to corruption.

• Political Violence and Coercion: In some areas, elections are marred by violence and coercion, where candidates or parties resort to threats and physical intimidation to influence voters. This can deter people from voting freely and can affect election outcomes.

• Administrative and Logistical Challenges: Organising elections in a country as large and diverse as India presents logistical difficulties. Issues such as managing large voter rolls, ensuring timely delivery of election materials, and conducting polling in remote areas can impact the efficiency of the electoral process.

• Voter Awareness and Education: There is a varying degree of voter awareness and education across different regions. In some areas, voters may lack information about candidates and their platforms, leading to uninformed voting decisions.

• Influence of Caste and Religion: Caste and religious considerations can heavily influence voting patterns and political campaigns. Politicians may exploit these factors to gain votes, which can deepen social divisions and affect the democratic process.

• Role of Criminal Elements: The involvement of criminal elements and corrupt practices in politics can affect the credibility of candidates and the electoral system. This challenge undermines trust in the political process and governance.

8. Describe our electoral system. Are elections in India considered democratic? Describe.

Ans:

• India’s system of elections is a well-structured democratic framework designed to ensure representative governance at various levels. It includes direct elections for the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament), state legislative assemblies, and local bodies like panchayats and municipalities, while the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament) and certain state legislative councils are filled through indirect methods. 

• The system provides for universal suffrage, allowing all eligible citizens to vote, and operates under the supervision of an independent Election Commission to ensure fairness and transparency. 

• Despite facing challenges such as electoral fraud and campaign finance issues, Indian elections are fundamentally democratic, adhering to principles of regular, free, and fair elections with broad participation and multiple political choices.

9. Why are candidates needing to provide a thorough description of their property to submit their names for election?

Ans:

• Transparency: By disclosing their assets and liabilities, candidates allow voters to see their financial background, which helps in assessing their integrity and potential for conflicts of interest.

• Accountability: This disclosure acts as a check against corruption and misuse of power. It helps ensure that candidates are held accountable for their financial status and prevents the entry of individuals with questionable financial backgrounds into public office.

• Informed Voting: Voters can make more informed decisions when they know the financial status of the candidates. It allows them to evaluate whether a candidate's wealth could influence their decisions or lead to potential corruption.

• Preventing Abuse of Power: Disclosure helps deter candidates from engaging in corrupt practices, as their financial details are publicly available and subject to scrutiny.

• Promoting Fair Elections: By requiring all candidates to disclose their property details, the system promotes a level playing field and reduces the risk of electoral malpractices.

10. What takes place in the run-up to elections?

Ans:

• Campaigning Strategies: Candidates and parties develop and implement strategies to reach and persuade voters. This includes deciding on messaging, target demographics, and campaign tactics.

• Public Appearances: Candidates participate in rallies, public meetings, and debates to present their platforms, address voter concerns, and engage with the electorate. These events are designed to build visibility and support.

• Media and Advertising: Campaigns use various media channels, including television, radio, print, and digital platforms, to advertise their messages, promote their achievements, and attack opponents. Advertising helps in reaching a broader audience.

• Door-to-door Campaigning: Candidates and their supporters may go door-to-door to personally engage with voters, distribute campaign materials, and answer questions. This direct approach helps build personal connections with constituents.

• Social Media Engagement: Social media platforms play a crucial role in modern campaigns. Candidates use them to interact with voters, share updates, and mobilise support. Social media allows for rapid dissemination of information and engagement.

• Debates and Discussions: Candidates often participate in televised debates and discussions where they present their views and policies, respond to questions and contrast themselves with opponents. This helps voters evaluate their options.

• Campaign Literature and Merchandise: The distribution of campaign literature, such as flyers, posters, and manifestos, provides voters with information about the candidates' platforms. Campaign merchandise like badges and T-shirts also helps promote visibility.

• Fundraising Events: Campaigns organise fundraising events to gather financial support. Funds are used for various campaign activities, including advertising, organising events, and managing logistics.

• Voter Outreach: Efforts are made to reach out to specific voter groups through targeted messaging and events tailored to their interests and concerns. This includes outreach to youth, women, minority groups, and other key demographics.

• Get-Out-The-Vote (GOTV) Efforts: As election day approaches, campaigns focus on mobilizing supporters to vote. This includes reminders, transportation assistance, and encouragement to ensure high voter turnout.

11. Political competition is beneficial. Do you concur? Provide reasons to support your response.

Ans:

Yes, having political competition is beneficial for several reasons:

1. Promotes Accountability: Political competition ensures that elected officials are held accountable for their actions. When multiple candidates or parties vie for office, they must perform well and address voters’ concerns to win or retain support. This reduces the likelihood of complacency and corruption.

2. Encourages Diverse Views: Competition allows for a range of viewpoints and policy options to be presented to voters. This diversity ensures that different interests and perspectives are represented, leading to more comprehensive and balanced policy decisions.

3. Enhances Voter Choice: A competitive political environment provides voters with more options, allowing them to choose candidates who best align with their values and preferences. This leads to a more representative and democratic process.

4. Stimulates Better Governance: Candidates and parties in a competitive environment are motivated to offer innovative solutions and effective policies to distinguish themselves from their opponents. This drives improvements in governance and public services.

5. Strengthens Democracy: Political competition is a fundamental aspect of a democratic system. It ensures that power is not concentrated in the hands of a few, and that there are mechanisms in place for challenging and changing leadership based on performance and public support.

12. Explain what is meant by "Election" and "By-Election."

Ans:

• Election: An election is a formal process through which citizens choose individuals to hold public office or make decisions on their behalf. Elections are held at various levels, including national, regional, and local, and involve voting by eligible citizens. The primary goal of an election is to select representatives or leaders based on the will of the majority, ensuring a democratic process for governing and decision-making.

• By-Election: A by-election, also known as a special election, is held to fill a vacancy that arises in a legislative body between general elections. This vacancy may occur due to the resignation, death, or disqualification of an elected representative. By-elections are conducted in the affected constituency or electoral area to elect a new representative to complete the remainder of the term.

13. Bring up the Model Code of Conduct, which serves as a guide for candidates and political parties throughout elections.

Ans:

The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission to ensure free and fair elections. It provides a framework for political parties and candidates to follow during the election period to maintain ethical conduct and ensure a level playing field. Key aspects of the Model Code of Conduct include:

1. Campaign Conduct:

• Respect for Opponents: Candidates and parties must refrain from making personal attacks or derogatory remarks against opponents.

• Fair Campaigning: Campaign activities should be conducted peacefully without resorting to violence or intimidation.

2. Use of Public Resources:

• Government Property: Candidates and parties are prohibited from using government resources or facilities for campaign purposes, ensuring no misuse of public assets.

3. Advertising and Media:

• Regulated Campaign Ads: All campaign advertisements and materials must adhere to prescribed guidelines and be pre-approved by the Election Commission if necessary.

• Media Conduct: Candidates and parties must avoid spreading misinformation or false claims through media channels.

4. Voter Engagement:

• Bribery and Coercion: The Code prohibits offering incentives, bribes, or coercion to influence voter behaviour.

• Electioneering in Polling Areas: Campaigning is restricted within specified distances of polling stations to avoid influencing voters at the time of voting.

5. Elections and Public Order:

• Maintaining Peace: Parties and candidates must ensure that their activities do not disturb public order or create unnecessary unrest.

• Noise Levels: Regulations on noise levels during rallies and campaign events are enforced to minimise disturbance to the public.

6. Financial Transparency:

• Campaign Expenditure: Parties and candidates must adhere to limits on campaign expenditure and maintain accurate records of their expenses.

14. Include a paragraph with a note on "General Elections."

Ans:

• General elections are a fundamental democratic process through which citizens elect representatives to form the government at national or regional levels. In these elections, voters choose candidates for legislative bodies, such as parliaments or assemblies, who will represent their interests and make policy decisions on their behalf. 

• General elections are typically held at regular intervals, often every five years, to ensure that elected officials remain accountable to the electorate. The process includes campaigning, voting, and counting of votes, culminating in the formation of a new government based on the majority of seats won.

• General elections are crucial for upholding democratic principles, ensuring political representation, and providing voters with the opportunity to influence governance.

15. Describe the Independent Election Commission in further detail.

Ans:

The Independent Election Commission (IEC) is a vital institution responsible for overseeing and administering elections fairly and transparently. Its primary functions and features include:

1. Autonomy and Independence: The IEC operates independently of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government to ensure impartiality and avoid undue influence from political entities. This independence is crucial for maintaining the credibility of the electoral process.

2. Election Management: The IEC is responsible for organising and conducting elections at various levels, including national, regional, and local elections. This includes preparing the electoral rolls, managing polling stations, and ensuring that the voting process is conducted smoothly.

3. Voter Registration: The commission oversees the registration of voters, ensuring that the electoral rolls are accurate and up-to-date. It handles voter enrollment and facilitates the inclusion of eligible citizens in the electoral process.

4. Regulation and Enforcement: The IEC sets and enforces rules and guidelines for political parties and candidates. It ensures compliance with the Model Code of Conduct and addresses complaints related to electoral malpractices, such as bribery, intimidation, and other forms of misconduct.

5. Dispute Resolution: The commission adjudicates disputes related to the electoral process, including issues of election fraud, violations of campaign rules, and other concerns raised by candidates or voters.

6. Public Awareness and Education: The IEC conducts voter education and awareness campaigns to inform the public about their rights and responsibilities, the voting process, and the importance of participating in elections.

7. Reporting and Accountability: The commission provides reports on the conduct of elections, including results and any irregularities observed. It is accountable to the public and ensures transparency in its operations.

16. Do elections require campaigns to be a democracy? Why?

Ans:

• Voter Awareness and Information: Campaigns provide voters with information about the candidates, their policies, and their vision for governance. This helps citizens make informed decisions based on the platforms and promises of those running for office.

• Public Engagement: Campaigns engage the public in the political process by encouraging discussions and debates about important issues. This interaction helps to increase voter participation and ensures that the election process is dynamic and responsive to public concerns.

• Accountability and Transparency: Through campaigns, candidates are held accountable to voters. They must explain their positions, defend their records, and outline their plans for the future. This transparency helps ensure that elected officials are chosen based on their merits and proposed policies.

• Encourages Competition: Campaigns foster healthy competition among candidates and parties. This competition drives candidates to present their best ideas and solutions, which can lead to better governance and more effective policies.

• Mobilisation of Support: Campaigns mobilise supporters and encourage voter turnout. They generate enthusiasm and interest in the electoral process, which is crucial for ensuring a high level of democratic participation.

• Diverse Perspectives: By providing a platform for different candidates and parties to present their views, campaigns ensure that a wide range of perspectives and ideas are represented. This diversity enriches the democratic process and helps address various needs and interests within society.

17. What does the phrase "rigging" mean?

Ans:

Rigging refers to the manipulation or interference with the electoral process to influence the outcome unfairly or fraudulently. This can occur in various forms and undermines the integrity of elections.

18. The various election-related activities are listed here:

1. Releasing election manifestos

2. Counting of votes

3. Making of voters’ list

4. Election campaign

5. Declaration of election results

6. Casting of votes

7. Ordering of re-poll

8. Announcing the election schedule

9. Filing nomination

Put these in chronological order, starting with the first task and concluding with the last.

Ans:

1. Announcing the Election Schedule

2. Releasing Election Manifestos

3. Filing Nomination

4. Making of Voters’ List

5. Election Campaign

6. Casting of Votes

7. Counting of Votes

8. Declaration of Election Results

9. Ordering of Re-Poll

19. A leaflet alerting voters to the possibility of violence if they vote for former prime minister Mahendra Chaudhry was distributed before the Fijian elections. Voters of Indian descent were put in danger by this. Is there anything that India can teach this nation to make its elections better? How might you advise in this situation?

Ans:

• Strict Enforcement of Electoral Laws: India has stringent laws to prevent hate speech, threats, and intimidation during elections. Fiji could benefit from implementing and strictly enforcing similar regulations to ensure a peaceful electoral environment.

• Effective Monitoring by Election Authorities: In India, the Election Commission monitors elections closely to ensure compliance with the Model Code of Conduct. Fiji could establish or strengthen an independent election authority to oversee the election process and address issues promptly.

• Voter Education and Awareness Campaigns: India conducts extensive voter education campaigns to inform citizens about their rights and the importance of a fair vote. Fiji could implement similar campaigns to educate voters about the election process and how to report any threats or irregularities.

• Complaint Mechanisms: India provides mechanisms for voters to report violations and grievances, such as helplines and complaint cells. Fiji could set up dedicated channels for voters to report threats or unethical practices, ensuring swift action and resolution.

• Transparency and Accountability: Transparency in campaign financing and political activities is a key focus in India. Fiji could enhance transparency in electoral campaigns and enforce disclosure of campaign funds to prevent manipulation and ensure fair play.

• Promoting Inter-Community Harmony: India’s election process includes efforts to promote harmony and prevent communal tensions. Fiji could implement measures to foster dialogue and understanding among different communities to reduce divisive rhetoric and maintain electoral peace.

20. How long has the Chief Election Commissioner been in office?

Ans:

The term of office of the Chief Election Commissioner in India is not fixed by a specific duration but is typically until the age of 65. The Chief Election Commissioner serves until they reach this retirement age. The exact term can vary depending on the date of the appointment and the age at the time.

21. In India, who is eligible to vote?

Ans:

• Citizenship: The individual must be a citizen of India.

• Age: The person must be at least 18 years old on or before the date of the election. The minimum age requirement is set by the Constitution to ensure that all eligible adults can participate in the electoral process.

• Residence: The individual must be a resident of the constituency in which they wish to vote. They must be listed in the electoral roll of that particular constituency.

• Not Disqualified: The person must not be disqualified under any law for the time being in force. This includes certain legal disqualifications, such as being declared mentally incapacitated by a competent authority or being convicted of specific criminal offences.

22. Armed thugs from one political party were advancing with firearms, physically obstructing other parties' supporters from interacting with voters, and attacking other parties' gatherings. Determine the nature of the issue. What steps should be taken to make things right?

Ans:

• The problem described is political violence and intimidation, where supporters of one political party use threats and physical force to obstruct the activities of other parties and disrupt their meetings. 

• This behaviour undermines the democratic process and prevents fair competition. To address this issue, law enforcement agencies must be deployed to protect political activities and ensure safety, with strict legal actions taken against those involved in violence. 

• Ensuring the neutrality of law enforcement, providing security for political events, and establishing monitoring and reporting systems are crucial steps. Additionally, public awareness campaigns and dialogue among parties can help foster a peaceful and equitable electoral environment.

23. Specify the National Voters' Day (NVD) Promise.

Ans:

National Voters’ Day (NVD) is observed annually on January 25th in India to mark the foundation day of the Election Commission of India and to encourage more citizens to participate in the electoral process. The NVD Pledge is a key component of this observance, designed to reinforce the commitment of citizens to uphold the principles of democracy and participate responsibly in elections.

24. Explain what the "Voter's List" is. Who Makes the List?

Ans:

• The Voter’s List, also known as the electoral roll, is an official register of all eligible voters within a constituency. It includes details such as names, addresses, and other relevant information of individuals who are qualified to vote in elections. The list ensures that only eligible citizens can vote and is used to verify voter eligibility on election day.

• The Voter’s List is prepared and maintained by the Election Commission of India (ECI) or respective state election authorities. These bodies are responsible for updating the list to include new voters, remove those who are no longer eligible, and correct any inaccuracies. 

• The process typically involves regular revisions and public notifications to ensure that the list remains accurate and comprehensive.

25. Describe the meaning of an election manifesto.

Ans:

An election manifesto is a formal document published by a political party or candidate outlining their policies, promises, and plans if elected to office. It serves as a comprehensive guide to their vision and goals for governance.

26. What benefits do election campaigns offer?

Ans:

• Voter Education: Campaigns provide valuable information about candidates, their policies, and their plans for governance. This helps voters make informed decisions based on a clear understanding of each candidate's platform and vision.

• Public Engagement: Campaigns actively engage the public in political discourse, encouraging discussions on important issues and increasing political awareness among citizens. This engagement fosters a more informed and involved electorate.

• Accountability: Campaigns hold candidates accountable by requiring them to present their policies and defend their positions. This transparency allows voters to assess the credibility and feasibility of campaign promises.

• Encourages Participation: By highlighting key issues and mobilising supporters, campaigns boost voter turnout. Increased participation ensures that elections reflect a broader spectrum of public opinion and interests.

• Political Competition: Campaigns create a competitive environment where candidates strive to present the best solutions and policies. This competition drives political innovation and helps in identifying the most effective strategies for governance.

• Feedback Mechanism: Campaigns serve as a feedback mechanism, allowing candidates to gauge public opinion and adjust their strategies or policies based on voter responses and concerns.

• Community Involvement: Campaigns often involve grassroots activities and community outreach, which strengthen local engagement and build connections between candidates and voters.

Important Topics of Class 9 Political Science (Civics) Chapter 3 Important Questions and Answers

Important Questions of Electoral Politics Class 9 explores the meaning of elections, the election process, the role of the Election Commission, the types of elections, and the significance of free and fair elections.

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• Class 9 Civics Chapter 3 Important Questions and Answers provides a focused set of questions and answers that can enhance exam readiness by reinforcing key concepts and aiding in systematic study.

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Conclusion

Electoral Politics Important Questions is an invaluable resource for students aiming to excel in their understanding of democratic processes. By providing clear explanations of election mechanisms, the role of the Election Commission, and the significance of free and fair elections, Important Questions of Electoral Politics Class 9 not only helps in effective exam preparation but also enhances overall knowledge of how democracy functions. Engaging with these questions promotes a deeper comprehension of electoral politics, fostering informed and responsible future citizens.

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