What is Stereochemistry in Chemistry?
Stereochemistry, an important subcategory of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. For this reason, it is also known as 3D chemistry in which the prefix "stereo" means "three-dimensionality".
Using this formulation of stereochemistry procedures, any chemist can work out the relationships between different molecules that are made up of the same category of atoms. They can even study the effect on the physical or biological properties these relationships give molecules. An important part of stereochemistry is the study of chiral molecules and this serves as a really useful part of the chemistry to the students which might help them in the future.
Chemistry is really important and efficient for the research and study of living organisms because it helps students and scientists to understand the life processes of every living thing on earth at the molecular level. At any molecular level, every process of life takes place due to the involvement of various minor or major chemical reactions.
Thus, it is important for the students to learn their chapters well and understand all the chemistry concepts by practicing with a maximum number of past years’ question papers and sample question papers available on the Vedantu website. This will help them to understand the time management skill and learn the marking schemes that carry maximum marks and plan which question needs what type of answers. Break down larger portions into smaller effective points and write them down in a separate notebook so it will help you in revising before the exams. Make note of the important questions that keep repeating in the recent past year question papers and give more weightage to those questions and prepare a little extra because it might repeat in the current year also. If you have any doubts about the equations and chemical formulations that are taught during the classes then try to spend some extra time in the lab and get to understand all the concepts by trying out the experiments and practicing them really well. This will definitely help you write your formulas and equations really well.
Brief About Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry is defined as the branch of chemistry which involves “the study of various spatial arrangements of atoms present in molecules”.
Stereochemistry is described as the systematic presentation of a particular field of science and technology traditionally requiring a short preliminary excursion into history. Stereochemistry is also called the ‘chemistry of space ‘, which is stereochemistry that deals with the spatial arrangements of groups and atoms in a molecule.
More about Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry is capable of tracing its roots to 1842 when the French chemist, named, Louis Pasteur made an observation, which the salts of tartaric acid collected from a vessel of wine production which has the ability to rotate plane-polarized light, whereas similar salts from various sources did not hold this ability. This whole phenomenon is explained by optical isomerism.
Types of Stereoisomers
Different types of stereoisomers are tabulated below. Let us discuss more about them.
Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism is known as “the isomerism, which is caused by the non-similar arrangements of functional groups or atoms that belong to an atom in space”. These kinds of isomers contain similar constitutions, but various geometric arrangements of atoms. Stereoisomers are broadly classified into two types, which are enantiomers and diastereomers.
Enantiomers
When two isomers are explained as the mirror images of each other, such type of isomerism is known as enantiomerism, and these types of isomers are called enantiomers.
Enantiomers are the isolable and stable compounds that vary in their spatial arrangements in 3-D space.
Generally, they exist as discrete pairs.
The properties of enantiomers are identical. However, their interaction with any plane of the polarized light can differ.
The direction, towards which they rotate the plane-polarized light is much different, it means, if one rotates in the right direction, the other rotates towards the left direction.
Diastereomers
When any two isomers are not behaving as mirror images of each other, they are referred to as diastereomers.
A molecule with an ‘n’ number of asymmetric carbon atoms can have up to ‘2n’ diastereomers.
When two diastereomers vary at only one stereocenter, they are called epimers.
These isomers change in both physical properties and chemical reactivity.
A representation of enantiomers which are mirror images of each other is given below.
Importance of Stereochemistry - Thalidomide Disaster
The atoms arrangement in three-dimensional space plays a major part in the molecule properties.
An example of the stereochemistry significance is observed in the thalidomide disaster which struck Germany in 1957.
This drug thalidomide was sold in the form of an over-the-counter drug, where it was initially intended to combat nausea. It can also be used by pregnant women to alleviate morning sickness.
However, it was discovered that this drug underwent racemization and was produced as an enantiomers mixture in the human body because of the metabolism process.
One of these enantiomers can be believed to cause some genetic damage in the development of embryos and lead to baby birth defects.
This is based on the data that over 5000 babies were born with the deformed limbs shortly after thalidomide sold commercially as an over-the-counter drug.
This unforeseen effect of the drug has led to the imposition of stricter drug regulation laws (only 40 per cent of the born babies with these deformities survived).
This disaster signifies stereochemistry's importance.
Facts about Stereochemistry
The structure of the molecule can change according to the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute this. Also, Stereochemistry deals with the atom’s arrangement manipulation.
Commonly, this branch of chemistry can be referred to as 3-D chemistry because it focuses on the stereoisomers (which are the chemical compounds with similar chemical formulas but with a different spatial arrangement in these three dimensions).
A branch of stereochemistry deals with the molecule’s study that exhibits chirality, which is a property of the geometry of molecules that makes them non-superimposable on their mirror images.
Another branch of the three-dimensional chemistry, which is called dynamic stereochemistry, involves the study of the effects of various spatial arrangements of the atoms, present in a molecule on the rate of a chemical reaction.
Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry
The arrangement of stereoisomers can be described by stereochemistry. The key distinction between stereochemistry and regiochemistry is, the final result’s atomic structure of a chemical reaction can be represented using regiochemistry, whereas stereochemistry describes the atomic arrangement and the modification of these molecules.
FAQs on Stereochemistry
1. Give the difference between enantiomers and diastereomers?
Enantiomers have non-superimposable mirror images and chiral centres. They also come in pairs only. These chiral centres, which are found in the diastereomers, are non-superimposable but they do NOT mirror images. Based on the number of stereo centres, there can be as many as more than 2.
2. Explain about chirality?
Chirality is defined as an important property of asymmetry in several branches of science. The term chirality has derived from a common chiral entity, which is the Greek “side”. If it is distinguishable from its mirror image, a system or entity is chiral; that is to say, it cannot be superimposed over it.
3. Are racemic mixtures said to be optically active?
A racemic mixture exhibits zero optical behaviour since the enantiomers contain opposite and equal unique rotations. Thus, using the polarimetry alone, it is quite difficult to explain a racemic mixture apart from the achiral material. Also, the chiral molecules hold a racemic mixture, but it contains no net optical activity.
4. What is Superposable?
Superimposable is explained as the ability to position an object over any other object, usually in a way that all the objects are visible. Often, it is interchanged with a wider superposable concept (which is the right to position an object over the other object; without any limitation of visibility).
5. What is stereochemistry in organic chemistry?
Generally, Chemistry can be classified under two categories, organic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry. Stereochemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the three-dimensional (3D) structure of molecules and their proper effect on physical and chemical properties is known as stereochemistry. To represent a molecule as a three-dimensional object we need at least one carbon sp3- hybridized.
6. Why is studying stereochemistry so important?
It is always very important to get ready with all topics before your exams. Understanding the concepts and practicing all the equations and formulas will help you score well. Stereochemistry is of critical importance to drug action because the shape of a drug molecule is an important factor in analyzing and clearly determining how it interacts and reacts with various biological molecules (enzymes, receptors, etc.) that it encounters in the living organism.
7. What is stereochemistry in inorganic chemistry?
It is important to know about both organic and inorganic chemistry when preparing for exams. Stereochemistry, a subcategory of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. Stereochemistry covers and spans the entire spectrum and all categories under organic, inorganic, biological, physical, and especially supramolecular chemistry.
8. What is known as a stereochemical relationship?
There are two possible stereochemical relationships which are Enantiomers and diastereomers which you can have between any two molecules. The stereoisomers are any two molecules that fulfill the following explained two main requirements that are both the molecules must have the same molecular formula, and both molecules must have the same atom connectivity.
9.What is the equation of stereochemistry?
Students should learn all the formulas and equations involved in every chemistry chapter. The stereochemical formula is as explained earlier it is a three-dimensional representation of a molecular species, either as such or as a projection onto a plane using conventional bold or dotted lines to show the orientation of the bonds towards the front and back of the plane respectively. Thus learning the equation is as important as practicing past year question papers before your exams.
10. Give the difference between enantiomers and diastereomers?
Enantiomers have non-superimposable mirror images and chiral centres. They also come in pairs only. These chiral centres, which are found in the diastereomers, are non-superimposable but they do NOT mirror images. Based on the number of stereo centres, there can be as many as more than 2.
11. Explain about chirality?
Chirality is defined as an important property of asymmetry in several branches of science. The term chirality has derived from a common chiral entity, which is the Greek “side”. If it is distinguishable from its mirror image, a system or entity is chiral; that is to say, it cannot be superimposed over it.
12. Are racemic mixtures said to be optically active?
A racemic mixture exhibits zero optical behaviour since the enantiomers contain opposite and equal unique rotations. Thus, using the polarimetry alone, it is quite difficult to explain a racemic mixture apart from the achiral material. Also, the chiral molecules hold a racemic mixture, but it contains no net optical activity.
13. What is Superposable?
Superimposable is explained as the ability to position an object over any other object, usually in a way that all the objects are visible. Often, it is interchanged with a wider superposable concept (which is the right to position an object over the other object; without any limitation of visibility).
