Environmental Scanning in Strategic Management

Environmental scanning is a process of gathering information about the events and their relationship with the internal and external environment of the organization. The primary aim of environmental scanning is to find out the future prospects of business organization.

As a significant resource to the management, the Environmental Scanning Committee enables the management to make decisions from fundamental analysis of historical events to estimate future events. The committee also helps in creating action plans to address these upcoming events, analyzing action plans and arranging appropriate resources for those plans, and putting management in contact with fellow employees with the knowledge set to provide quality data for decision making.

Environmental Scanning Meaning and Definition

The process of collecting, evaluating, and delivering information for a strategic purpose is defined as environmental scanning. The process of environmental scanning requires both accurate and personalised data on the business environment in which the organisation is operating or considering entering.

Environmental Scanning Example

• Example 1: A retail business uses environmental scanning to adapt to changing market trends. Internally, they assess employee skills and invest in IT upgrades for better efficiency. Externally, they monitor consumer preferences, regulatory updates, and competitor strategies. This helps them launch eco-friendly products and improve operations to stay competitive.

• Example 2: A tech company conducts environmental scanning to innovate and stay ahead. Internally, they evaluate their R&D capabilities and upgrade their technological resources. Externally, they analyse industry trends, emerging technologies, and competitors' product launches. This enables them to develop a cutting-edge product that meets market demands.

Types of Environmental Scanning

1. Continuous Scanning

Continuous scanning involves regularly monitoring the environment to identify trends, changes, or threats as they occur. It is an ongoing process that provides real-time insights, helping organisations adapt quickly to evolving circumstances.

2. Periodic Scanning

Periodic scanning is conducted at set intervals, such as quarterly or annually. This approach allows organisations to analyse environmental changes and trends at specific times, making it suitable for long-term planning and strategic reviews.

3. Ad-Hoc Scanning

Ad-hoc scanning occurs as needed, typically in response to a specific issue or challenge. Organisations use this type of scanning to address unexpected situations or opportunities, focusing on immediate decision-making.

4. Strategic Scanning

Strategic scanning focuses on long-term goals and objectives. It involves analysing trends and factors that could influence an organisation's future, helping to align strategies with anticipated environmental shifts.

What are the Characteristics of Environmental Scanning?

The characteristics of environmental scanning are as follows: 

1. Continuous Process- The analysis of the environment is a continuous process rather than being sporadic. The rapidly changing environment has to be captured continuously to be on track.

2. Exploratory Process- Scanning is an exploratory process that keeps monitoring the environment to bring out the possibilities and unknown dimensions of the future. It stresses the fact that “What could happen” and not ”What will happen”.

3. Dynamic Process- Environmental scanning is not static. It is a dynamic process and depends on changing situations.

4. Holistic View- Environmental Scanning focuses on the complete view of the environment rather than viewing it partially.

Factors of Environmental Scanning

1. Internal Factors of Environmental Scanning:

Internal factors are elements within the organisation that directly impact its performance and operations. These include resources such as human capital, financial assets, and technological infrastructure. Changes in these internal factors can significantly influence the organisation's overall functioning and success.

2. External Factors of Environmental Scanning:

External factors refer to elements outside the organisation that affect its management and operations. Despite being outside the organisation’s control, these factors have a substantial impact on decision-making and strategy. External factors are further divided into two categories:

• Macro-Environmental Factors: These encompass broader influences such as legal, political, social, cultural, demographic, and technological aspects.

• Micro-Environmental Factors: These include more immediate external elements like suppliers, customers, competitors, markets, and other organisations.

Components of Environmental Scanning

1. Internal Environmental Components- The components that lie within the organization are internal components and changes in these affect the general performance of the organization. Human resources, capital resources and technological resources are some of the internal environmental components.

2. External Environmental Components: The components that fall outside the business organization are called external environmental components. Although the components lie outside the organization, they still affect the organizational activities. The external components can be divided into microenvironmental components, and macro environmental components.

Microenvironmental components include competitors, consumers, markets, suppliers, organizations, etc. Macro environmental components include political, legal, economical, cultural, demographic, and technological factors.  

Environmental Scanning Techniques

Here are some commonly used Techniques Of Environmental Scanning:

1. SWOT Analysis- SWOT analysis is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis of the environment. Strengths and weaknesses are considered as internal factors whereas opportunities and threats are external factors. These factors determine the course of action to ensure the growth of the business.

2. PEST Analysis- PEST stands for Political, economic, social, and technological analysis of the environment. It deals with the external macro-environment.

3. ETOP- ETOP stands for the Environmental Threat Opportunity Profile. It helps an organization to analyze the impact of the environment based on threats and opportunities.

4. QUEST- QUEST stands for the Quick Environmental Scanning Technique. This technique is designed to analyze the environment quickly and inexpensively so that businesses can focus on critical issues that have to be addressed in a short span.

Process of Environmental Scanning

1. Scanning-  The process of analyzing the environment to spot the factors that may impact the business is known as Environmental Scanning. It alerts the enterprise to take suitable strategic decisions before it reaches a critical situation.

2. Monitoring- The data is gathered from various sources and is utilized to monitor and find out the trends and patterns in the environment. The main sources of collecting data are spying, publication talks with customers, suppliers, dealers and employees.

3. Forecasting- The process of estimating future events based on previously analyzed data is known as environmental forecasting.

4. Assessment-  T In this stage, the environmental factors are assessed to identify whether they provide an opportunity for the business or pose a threat.

Importance of Environmental Scanning

• Goal Accomplishment: The objectives of an organization cannot be fulfilled unless it adapts itself to environmental changes. One has to adjust the strategies to fit in the changing demands of the environment.

• Threats and Weakness Identification: For an organization to grow, it must minimize its threats and identify its weaknesses. This is made possible with the help of environmental scanning with which better strategies can be developed.tz

• Future Forecast: Environmental changes are often unpredictable. An organization cannot anticipate all the future events but based on the analysis, it can make better strategic decisions in the future. Hence, environmental analysis helps to forecast the prospects of the business.

• Market Knowledge: Every organization must be aware of the ongoing changes in the market. If it fails to incorporate strategic changes due to changing demands, it will not be able to achieve its objectives.

• Focus on the Customer: Environmental scanning and analysis make an organization sensitive  to the changing needs and expectations of the customer.

• Opportunities Identification: With the analysis of the current environment, an organization will be able to identify the possible opportunities and take necessary steps.

Limitations of Environmental Scanning

• Overloading of information may sometimes result in indecision. Hence it is not completely reliable.

• It does not forecast the future or eliminate uncertainties. Organizations may face unexpected events. However environmental scanning should aim at minimizing such threats to the business.

• It often makes an organization cautious and thereby delays decision making. It is better to have a strategic approach to analyze the environment and take decisions or actions on time.

• When the organizations rely completely on the analyzed information without data verification and accuracy, it may lead to deviation in the desired outcomes.

Conclusion

At last, it is concluded that environmental scanning is beneficial for an organization as it helps the business to identify their competitive advantage, disadvantages, and how they are measured. Adopting a simple SWOT analysis helps an organization to determine their strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat to enhance the sustainability of an organization. This information also helps an organization to determine its future strategies.