Question

Phylogenetic system was given by
(a) Engler and Prantl
(b) Pliny
(c) John Ray
(d) R.H. Whittaker

Answer 1

Hint: They gave the first phylogenetic system of classification in the year 1886. The phylogenetic system enables us to find out ancestral and derived characters of any taxon. It is based on the evolutionary and genetic relationships of the plants.

Complete answer:
The phylogenetic system was given by Engler and Prantl. The ancestor and other related organisms were studied for the classification of the organism.
Adolf Engler (1843-1930) and Karl Prantl (1849-1893) were German Botanists. They presented their work in 23 volumes of monumental work in ‘De Naturalischen Pflanzenfamilien’(The natural plant families) . They have classified 303 families of flowering plants. They divided the plant kingdom into 13 Divisions. Divisions I to 12 deal with Bacteria, different types of Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes. The 13th Division is named, Embryophyta siphonogama, contains all seed-producing plants. The 13^th division is divided into 2 sub-divisions: Gymnospermae (naked ovules/seeds) and Angiospermae (enclosed ovules/seeds). The Gymnospermae has been divided into 7 orders, from Cycadofilicales to Gnetales. The sub-division Angiospermae is classified into two classes of Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae.
The Monocots are divided into 11 Orders and 45 Families, The first order is Pandanales which possesses naked, unisexual flowers with Typhaceae as the Starting family. The last order is Microspermae and the Orchidaceae as the last family.
The dicots are divided into 2 subclasses namely: Archichlamydeae, and Sympetalae or Monochlamydeae. In Archichlamydeae, the flowers are achlamydeous or mono/dichlamydeous, but petals are mostly free (polypetalous condition).
So, the correct answer is, ‘Engler and Prantl.’

Note: This system of classification developed by Engler and Prantl is followed widely in Europe. Their classification is also followed by many herbaria throughout the world. Engler classified monocot as a primitive plant and put it first in the group.