CBSE Class 9 Political Science (Civics) Important Questions Chapter 2 Constitutional Design

1. Draft a Constitutional note. Describe the roles that the Constitution plays.

Ans:

• A constitution is a fundamental document that outlines the principles and framework for how a country is governed. It serves as the highest law, defining the structure of government, the distribution of powers, and the rights and responsibilities of its citizens. The constitution provides a legal foundation for creating laws and guiding the functioning of various government institutions.

• The functions of a constitution include establishing the structure of government by defining the roles and powers of different branches, such as the executive, legislature, and judiciary. It ensures that power is distributed appropriately, often through mechanisms like federalism or separation of powers. 

• The Constitution protects the rights and freedoms of citizens by setting out fundamental rights and liberties, ensuring that they are safeguarded against any potential abuse by the government. Moreover, it provides a framework for resolving disputes and making amendments, allowing for adaptability and continuity in governance.

2. Describe the South African Democratic Constitution in further detail.

Ans:

• The Democratic Constitution of South Africa, adopted in 1996, represents a landmark in the country's history, marking the transition from apartheid to a democratic society. This constitution is celebrated for its commitment to human rights, equality, and democratic governance.

• It establishes South Africa as a democratic state with a strong emphasis on protecting the rights and freedoms of all individuals. The Constitution enshrines fundamental rights, including equality before the law, freedom of speech, and the right to a fair trial, ensuring that these principles are upheld in all aspects of governance.

• It also outlines the structure of government, including a President as both the head of state and government, a bicameral parliament, and an independent judiciary. The Constitution promotes the principles of accountability and transparency, requiring government officials to act within the bounds of the law and in the best interest of the public. 

• It provides mechanisms for citizens to participate in the political process and seek redress through various institutions, reflecting a commitment to inclusive and representative democracy. This democratic framework aims to address past injustices and build a society based on equality and respect for human dignity.

3. Describe the fight against apartheid.

Ans:

• The struggle against apartheid in South Africa was a long and intense battle against a system of racial segregation and discrimination imposed by the government. Apartheid, which means "apartness" in Afrikaans, was officially established in 1948 and enforced policies that separated people based on race, limiting the rights of the non-white majority.

• The struggle against apartheid began with various forms of resistance, including protests, boycotts, and strikes, led by groups such as the African National Congress (ANC), the South African Communist Party (SACP), and other anti-apartheid organisations. Prominent leaders like Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, and Steve Biko played crucial roles in rallying both domestic and international support against the regime.

• The resistance faced brutal repression from the government, including imprisonment, torture, and violence. Despite these challenges, the movement gained momentum, leading to increased pressure on the apartheid regime from within South Africa and around the world. International sanctions, divestment campaigns, and global advocacy further isolated the apartheid government.

• In the early 1990s, negotiations between the apartheid government and anti-apartheid leaders resulted in the dismantling of the system. This culminated in the first multiracial elections in 1994, which saw Nelson Mandela elected as South Africa’s first black president, marking the end of apartheid and the beginning of a new era of democracy and equality in the country.

4. Examine the Preamble's Secularism section.

Ans:

Secularism, as stated in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, denotes that India is a secular state where the government maintains an impartial stance towards all religions. This principle ensures that the state treats all religions equally and does not favour or discriminate against any religious group. The idea is to promote harmony and coexistence among diverse religious communities by safeguarding their right to practice and propagate their beliefs freely.

5. Explain what a "socialist" is. If India is a socialist state, explain.

Ans:

• The term “Socialist” refers to a political and economic system in which the government plays a significant role in regulating and controlling the means of production, distribution, and exchange. The aim is to reduce economic inequalities and ensure that wealth and resources are distributed more equitably among the population. 

• Socialism seeks to create a society where wealth and power are shared more fairly, often through policies that promote social welfare and public ownership of key industries.

• India is described as a Socialist State in the Preamble of its Constitution. This designation reflects the country's commitment to reducing economic disparities and ensuring that the benefits of economic development are distributed more equally among its citizens.

6. In light of the end of apartheid and the establishment of a multiracial administration, what words did Nelson Mandela have to say?

Ans:

• Nelson Mandela, a key figure in the struggle against apartheid, expressed profound optimism and a vision of reconciliation when apartheid came to an end and a multi-racial government was formed. In his famous inauguration speech on May 10, 1994, Mandela celebrated the transition from decades of racial oppression to a new era of democracy and equality. He highlighted the significance of the moment as a triumph of justice and unity over injustice and division.

• Mandela acknowledged the sacrifices and struggles of those who fought against apartheid, emphasising that the new government would be a beacon of hope and a testament to the resilience of the South African people. He underscored the importance of building a society where all individuals, regardless of race, could enjoy equal rights and opportunities. Mandela’s vision was not just about political change but also about fostering national reconciliation, healing, and forging a collective identity based on mutual respect and shared values.

7. Does the narrative of the liberation fight in South Africa evoke memories of the Indian national movement? Write out all the ways the two are similar and different.

Ans:

Similarities:

1. Colonial Oppression: Both movements were aimed at ending oppressive colonial rule and achieving self-governance. South Africa fought against British colonialism and apartheid, while India sought independence from British colonial rule.

2. Leadership of Prominent Figures: Both struggles were led by charismatic leaders who played crucial roles in mobilizing and inspiring people. Nelson Mandela led the fight against apartheid in South Africa, while figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose led the Indian independence movement.

3. Non-Violent Resistance: Both movements used non-violent methods as a key strategy. In India, Gandhi’s principle of non-violence (Satyagraha) was central, while in South Africa, non-violent protests and boycotts were also important, although armed resistance was part of the struggle.

4. International Support: Both movements received significant international attention and support. The Indian independence movement garnered global sympathy and support through various campaigns and diplomacy, while the anti-apartheid struggle benefited from global sanctions and solidarity.

5. Mass Mobilisation: Both movements involved the mass mobilisation of people across various social and economic backgrounds. In India, this included widespread participation across different communities, while in South Africa, diverse groups united against apartheid.

Dissimilarities:

1. Nature of Oppression: The Indian national movement was primarily against British colonial rule, whereas the South African struggle was against a system of racial segregation and apartheid imposed by a predominantly white minority government.

2. Timeline and Duration: The Indian independence movement spanned over several decades, culminating in 1947, while the South African struggle for freedom, especially against apartheid, was more concentrated in the latter half of the 20th century, with apartheid formally ending in 1994.

3. Political Structure: India’s struggle was against direct colonial rule to achieve a sovereign nation-state, whereas South Africa struggled to dismantle an internal system of racial discrimination and establish a democratic multi-racial government within the framework of existing colonial structures.

4. Methods of Resistance: While both movements utilised non-violent resistance, the South African struggle also included armed resistance by groups like the African National Congress’s military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, which was less prominent in India’s movement.

5. Post-Independence Challenges: The post-independence challenges faced by the two countries differed. India faced challenges related to partition, communal violence, and establishing a unified state, while South Africa had to address deep-seated racial inequalities and implement reconciliation processes.

8. What makes a Constitution necessary?

Ans:

• Establishing the Framework of Government: It provides a clear structure for the organisation and functioning of government institutions. This includes defining the roles and powers of different branches, such as the executive, legislature, and judiciary.

• Ensuring the Rule of Law: The Constitution upholds the rule of law by setting out legal principles and standards that everyone, including government officials, must follow. This helps prevent arbitrary rule and ensures that laws are applied consistently and fairly.

• Protecting Rights and Freedoms: It guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms to all citizens, such as freedom of speech, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial. These protections help safeguard individual liberties and prevent abuses of power.

• Providing Stability and Continuity: A constitution serves as a stable foundation for governance, offering continuity and consistency over time. It helps maintain order and provides a framework for resolving conflicts and making amendments as needed.

• Promoting Accountability and Transparency: By outlining the roles and responsibilities of government officials and institutions, a constitution ensures accountability and transparency in governance. It establishes mechanisms for checks and balances, making sure that no single branch of government becomes too powerful.

9. Compose a brief remark about Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

Ans:

• Dr. Rajendra Prasad was a prominent Indian leader and the first President of India, serving from 1950 to 1962. Born on December 3, 1884, in Bihar, he was a distinguished scholar and a key figure in the Indian independence movement. 

• As a devoted follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he actively participated in various campaigns against British colonial rule, including the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Quit India Movement. 

• Dr. Prasad's leadership extended to his role in framing the Indian Constitution as the President of the Constituent Assembly. Renowned for his humility, dedication, and commitment to public service, he played a significant role in shaping the early years of independent India and promoting unity and progress.

10. Examine how the Preambles differ from the US, Indian, and South African constitutions. Make a note of at least one of these key distinctions.

Ans:

The Preambles to the constitutions of the United States, India, and South Africa each reflect the foundational principles and values of their respective nations. Here’s a comparison highlighting one major difference between them:

United States

Preamble: "We the People of the United States, to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

• Emphasises the creation of a more perfect union and the establishment of justice.

• Focuses on the principles of justice, tranquillity, defence, welfare, and liberty.

• The language reflects a commitment to creating and improving the union of states and securing freedoms for future generations.

India

Preamble: "We, the People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens: Justice, social, economic and political; Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; Equality of status and opportunity; and to promote among them all Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation."

• Highlights the establishment of India as a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.

• Focuses on justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

• Stresses the unity and integrity of the nation, with a clear commitment to socialism and secularism.

South Africa

Preamble: "We, the people of South Africa, Recognise the injustices of our past; Honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land; Respect those who have worked to build and develop our country; and Believe that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity."

• Acknowledges the injustices of the past and honours those who fought for justice and freedom.

• Emphasises unity in diversity and respect for all citizens who contribute to the nation’s development.

• Reflects a commitment to reconciliation and building a unified, inclusive nation.

Difference:

• Focus on Historical Context: The South African Preamble explicitly addresses and acknowledges the historical injustices and struggles against apartheid, emphasising reconciliation and respect for all citizens. In contrast, the U.S. Preamble focuses on the creation and improvement of the union and the protection of liberties, while the Indian Preamble emphasises the establishment of a specific type of republic (socialist, secular, democratic) and the promotion of justice and equality.

11. Discuss the forms of discrimination experienced by Black South Africans.

Ans:

• Racial Segregation: Blacks were forced to live in designated areas known as "townships" or "homelands," which were often underdeveloped and lacked basic amenities compared to areas allocated for white people.

• Restricted Rights: Blacks were denied basic civil and political rights, such as the right to vote, the right to run for office, and the right to participate fully in government.

• Education Inequality: Educational resources and facilities for black students were severely underfunded and inferior compared to those available to white students, perpetuating educational and economic disparities.

• Employment Restrictions: Blacks faced job discrimination and were often relegated to low-paying, unskilled jobs. They were also excluded from many professions and higher-paying positions.

• Legal Discrimination: Laws enforced racial segregation in public places, including parks, restaurants, and transport services. Blacks were legally required to use separate facilities and services.

• Political Suppression: Political organizations and activities led by blacks were banned or heavily restricted. Leaders and activists were often imprisoned, banned, or subjected to violence.

• Pass Laws: Blacks were required to carry passbooks and had to obtain permission to travel or live in areas designated for whites, severely restricting their freedom of movement.

• Discrimination in Health Services: Health services for blacks were inadequate and under-resourced compared to those available to whites, leading to poorer health outcomes.

• Economic Exploitation: The apartheid system enforced economic policies that exploited black labour while providing minimal economic benefits to black workers and communities.

• Cultural Suppression: Black cultural practices and languages were often suppressed or undervalued, with the apartheid regime promoting the dominance of white cultural norms.

12. How was Constitution Day observed at your school on November 26? Write a succinct report.

Ans:

• On November 26, our school celebrated Constitution Day with a series of enriching activities. The day began with a flag-hoisting ceremony and the singing of the national anthem, fostering a sense of patriotism. A special assembly followed, where our principal highlighted the significance of the Indian Constitution. 

• Students participated in an interactive quiz about the Constitution, attended an educational workshop, and engaged in essay and poster competitions on related themes. 

• A cultural program, including skits and performances, illustrated the values of equality and justice enshrined in the Constitution. The event was concluded with a guest speaker session, providing deeper insights into the Constitution’s impact on society. 

• Overall, the celebration was a valuable opportunity for students to deepen their understanding of the Constitution and its importance in our democracy.

13. Summarise "Sovereignty" in a few sentences.

Ans:

• Sovereignty refers to the supreme authority and independence of a state to govern itself without external interference. It encompasses a state's ability to make its laws, conduct its affairs, and manage its internal and external relations. 

• Sovereignty is a fundamental principle of international law, affirming that a nation has ultimate control over its territory and governance. 

• This concept ensures that a state is recognised as an autonomous entity, free from external control or influence, and capable of making decisions that affect its citizens and its borders. In essence, sovereignty underpins the idea of a nation’s self-determination and political independence.

14. Explain what is meant by "Constituent Assembly."

Ans:

• A Constituent Assembly is a special body convened to draft or adopt a new constitution or to make significant amendments to an existing one. Its primary role is to create or revise the fundamental legal framework that governs a country, defining the structure of government, the distribution of powers, and the rights and responsibilities of its citizens. 

• Members of a Constituent Assembly are typically elected or appointed to represent various segments of society and political interests. 

• The assembly deliberates on constitutional provisions, drafts the document, and ensures that it reflects the values and aspirations of the people. Once the constitution is finalised, it is usually subjected to approval by a referendum or legislative body before being formally adopted.

15. "The members of the Constituent Assembly had a difficult task in framing the Indian Constitution." What challenges did the drafters of the Constitution face? Make four mentions.

Ans:

• Diverse Aspirations and Interests: The assembly had to address the varied needs and aspirations of a diverse population with different linguistic, cultural, and religious backgrounds. Balancing these interests while ensuring inclusivity and unity was a significant challenge.

• Partition and its Aftermath: The Constitution was drafted in the context of the recent partition of India, which had led to communal violence and displacement. Addressing the issues arising from partition and ensuring the integration of newly formed states was a complex task.

• Balancing Federal and Central Powers: Crafting a federal structure that balances powers between the central government and states requires careful deliberation. The members needed to ensure that the federal arrangement accommodated the autonomy of states while maintaining national unity.

• Drafting Comprehensive and Flexible Provisions: The framers had to create a document that was both comprehensive and adaptable to future changes. They needed to include provisions that would endure over time, while also allowing for amendments to address evolving needs and challenges.

16. What does the word "fraternity" mean?

Ans:

Fraternity refers to a sense of brotherhood and solidarity among people, fostering a spirit of unity and mutual respect. In the context of a constitution or a political system, it emphasises the importance of social cohesion and the collective well-being of all citizens.

17. Sarojini Naidu: who was she?

Ans:

• Sarojini Naidu, also known as the "Nightingale of India," was a prominent Indian independence activist, poet, and politician. Born on February 13, 1879, in Hyderabad, she was one of the leading figures in the Indian freedom movement and a key member of the Indian National Congress.

• Naidu was renowned for her literary work, which included poems in English that celebrated India's culture and struggles. Her poetry earned her acclaim both in India and abroad. She was also a significant political figure, actively participating in various movements such as the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Salt March led by Mahatma Gandhi.

• In 1947, Sarojini Naidu became the first woman to serve as a governor in independent India, taking on the role of Governor of Uttar Pradesh. Her contributions to both literature and politics made her a respected and influential figure in Indian history. She passed away on March 2, 1949, leaving behind a legacy of courage, literary brilliance, and dedication to the cause of Indian independence.

18. The country of India is a Democratic Republic. Describe.

Ans:

• India is a Democratic Republic, which means it operates as a system where power is derived from the people through elected representatives and governed by laws rather than a monarchy. 

• As a democracy, it ensures that citizens have the right to vote and participate in free and fair elections to choose their leaders. 

• The republic aspect signifies that the head of state, the President, is elected rather than inherited, upholding the principles of equality and accountability. 

• This structure combines democratic governance with a system of elected representation and the rule of law, ensuring that the government remains accountable to the people and adheres to constitutional principles.

19. “In politics, we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality”. By whom was this comment made?

Ans:

The statement, "In politics, we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality," was made by Dr B.R. Ambedkar. He expressed this view during the debates on the Indian Constitution, highlighting the distinction between political equality and the persistent social and economic inequalities that existed in society. Dr Ambedkar, a key architect of the Indian Constitution and a champion of social justice, emphasised the need for political equality through democratic processes while recognising the challenge of addressing entrenched social and economic disparities.

20. In ___________, South Africa attained democracy

Ans: 1994

21. Describe the processes that went into drafting the Indian Constitution.

Ans:

• Formation of the Constituent Assembly: The Constituent Assembly was established in 1946 to draft the Constitution. Members were elected by the provincial legislatures, and the Assembly included representatives from various political parties and regions.

• Drafting of the Constitution: A Drafting Committee, chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was appointed to prepare the draft of the Constitution. This committee was responsible for consolidating various provisions and ensuring that the document reflected the principles of justice, equality, and democracy.

• Debates and Deliberations: The Draft Constitution was debated and discussed in detail by the Constituent Assembly. Members proposed amendments, modifications, and additions to ensure that the Constitution addressed the diverse needs and concerns of the Indian population.

• Adoption and Approval: After extensive discussions and revisions, the final draft was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. This marked the completion of the drafting process, but the Constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day.

• Ratification: The adopted Constitution was ratified by the various states and regions of India. This step ensured that the Constitution was recognised and accepted throughout the country.

22. “The South African Constitution inspires democrats all over the world.” Provide evidence for this claim.

Ans:

• Commitment to Human Rights: The South African Constitution enshrines a broad range of human rights, including civil, political, economic, and social rights. It emphasises the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms, such as equality, dignity, and freedom from discrimination, making it a model for comprehensive human rights legislation.

• Reconciliation and Inclusivity: Crafted in the aftermath of apartheid, the Constitution prioritises reconciliation and nation-building. It seeks to address historical injustices while fostering an inclusive society where all citizens, regardless of race, gender, or background, have a stake in the democratic process.

• Democratic Principles: It establishes a robust framework for democracy, including a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This ensures checks and balances and upholds democratic governance by preventing any one branch from gaining excessive power.

• Constitutional Supremacy: The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and all laws and government actions must conform to it. This principle ensures that the rule of law is maintained and that constitutional rights and freedoms are protected.

• Independent Judiciary: The Constitution guarantees an independent judiciary, which is crucial for upholding the rule of law and protecting individual rights. The Constitutional Court plays a key role in interpreting the Constitution and ensuring that laws and government actions comply with constitutional standards.

Important Topics of Class 9 Political Science (Civics) Chapter 2 Important Questions and Answers 

Class 9 Civics Chapter 2 Important Questions explores the creation and significance of a constitution in establishing governance and protecting citizens' rights.

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